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<p>The increasing environmental impact of ordinary Portland cement (OPC) and the demand for sustainable infrastructure necessitate the development of alternative binder systems for rigid pavement concrete. However, existing studies on supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) often lack a comprehensive evaluation of their reactivity and synergistic performance. This study investigates the combined use of Class C fly ash, Class F fly ash, and sodium-silicate-activated ground-granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBS) to develop a sustainable high-performance binder system. The SCMs were characterized using physical, chemical, and mineralogical analyses, and their reactivity was assessed through Strength Activity Index, Frattini, Chapelle, and Pozzolanic Reactivity tests. Activated GGBS exhibited the highest pozzolanic activity due to rapid dissolution of its amorphous phase and enhanced C–A–S–H gel formation, while Class F and Class C fly ash showed moderate and lower reactivity, respectively. Eighteen M40 concrete mixtures with binary and ternary SCM combinations were evaluated. Concrete incorporating activated GGBS achieved superior compressive, split tensile, and flexural strengths, with 30–40% replacement levels outperforming OPC. A ternary binder (20% Class C fly ash, 20% Class F fly ash, 20% activated GGBS) achieved ~ 44&#xa0;MPa compressive strength with 60% cement reduction. Microstructural analysis confirmed portlandite depletion and pore refinement. Response surface ANOVA identified an optimal binder region of 30–40% activated GGBS. The novelty lies in integrating reactivity assessment, microstructural validation, and statistical optimization to develop a robust low-carbon binder for rigid pavements.</p>

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Development of a low-carbon ternary binder using activated GGBS and fly ash for high-performance rigid pavement concrete

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月2日

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  • Suhas U. Pandit,
  • Vilas K. Patil

摘要

The increasing environmental impact of ordinary Portland cement (OPC) and the demand for sustainable infrastructure necessitate the development of alternative binder systems for rigid pavement concrete. However, existing studies on supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) often lack a comprehensive evaluation of their reactivity and synergistic performance. This study investigates the combined use of Class C fly ash, Class F fly ash, and sodium-silicate-activated ground-granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBS) to develop a sustainable high-performance binder system. The SCMs were characterized using physical, chemical, and mineralogical analyses, and their reactivity was assessed through Strength Activity Index, Frattini, Chapelle, and Pozzolanic Reactivity tests. Activated GGBS exhibited the highest pozzolanic activity due to rapid dissolution of its amorphous phase and enhanced C–A–S–H gel formation, while Class F and Class C fly ash showed moderate and lower reactivity, respectively. Eighteen M40 concrete mixtures with binary and ternary SCM combinations were evaluated. Concrete incorporating activated GGBS achieved superior compressive, split tensile, and flexural strengths, with 30–40% replacement levels outperforming OPC. A ternary binder (20% Class C fly ash, 20% Class F fly ash, 20% activated GGBS) achieved ~ 44 MPa compressive strength with 60% cement reduction. Microstructural analysis confirmed portlandite depletion and pore refinement. Response surface ANOVA identified an optimal binder region of 30–40% activated GGBS. The novelty lies in integrating reactivity assessment, microstructural validation, and statistical optimization to develop a robust low-carbon binder for rigid pavements.