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<p>Portland composite cement (PCC) is widely used in Indonesia as a low-carbon binder; however, its relatively permeable microstructure limits resistance to chloride ingress in marine environments. Although silica fume (SF) is known to enhance durability in ordinary Portland cement (OPC) systems, its effectiveness and optimum dosage in PCC-based concrete remain insufficiently understood, particularly from a durability-oriented perspective. This study evaluates the influence of SF incorporation on the mechanical and chloride resistance performance of PCC concrete. Silica fume was used as a partial cement replacement at levels of 5%, 7%, 10%, and 12% by weight. Compressive strength, surface resistivity, and rapid chloride penetration tests were conducted, supported by microstructural analysis using scanning electron microscopy. The results indicate that SF significantly improves both strength and resistance to chloride transport compared with plain PCC concrete. Among the investigated mixtures, a 7% SF replacement provided the most balanced performance, achieving strength increases of approximately 23% and 14% at 28 and 90&#xa0;days, respectively, and a marked reduction in chloride penetrability. Service-life prediction based on diffusion modeling further showed that optimized PCC–SF concrete could extend the time to corrosion initiation by approximately 2.5–3 times relative to PCC without SF. These findings demonstrate that targeted SF incorporation is an effective strategy for enhancing the durability and service life of PCC concrete for marine applications. The study is limited to laboratory conditions, and future work should focus on long-term field exposure and broader durability indicators.</p>

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Silica fume optimization for chloride durability of Portland composite cement

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月20日

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  • Dina Heldita,
  • M. W. Tjaronge,
  • Muhammad Akbar Caronge

摘要

Portland composite cement (PCC) is widely used in Indonesia as a low-carbon binder; however, its relatively permeable microstructure limits resistance to chloride ingress in marine environments. Although silica fume (SF) is known to enhance durability in ordinary Portland cement (OPC) systems, its effectiveness and optimum dosage in PCC-based concrete remain insufficiently understood, particularly from a durability-oriented perspective. This study evaluates the influence of SF incorporation on the mechanical and chloride resistance performance of PCC concrete. Silica fume was used as a partial cement replacement at levels of 5%, 7%, 10%, and 12% by weight. Compressive strength, surface resistivity, and rapid chloride penetration tests were conducted, supported by microstructural analysis using scanning electron microscopy. The results indicate that SF significantly improves both strength and resistance to chloride transport compared with plain PCC concrete. Among the investigated mixtures, a 7% SF replacement provided the most balanced performance, achieving strength increases of approximately 23% and 14% at 28 and 90 days, respectively, and a marked reduction in chloride penetrability. Service-life prediction based on diffusion modeling further showed that optimized PCC–SF concrete could extend the time to corrosion initiation by approximately 2.5–3 times relative to PCC without SF. These findings demonstrate that targeted SF incorporation is an effective strategy for enhancing the durability and service life of PCC concrete for marine applications. The study is limited to laboratory conditions, and future work should focus on long-term field exposure and broader durability indicators.