Latex-modified concrete: a comprehensive review of types, mechanical performance, and durability

Concrete is one of the most widely used construction materials due to its strength and versatility; however, its production contributes significantly to CO₂ emissions and the depletion of natural resources. Incorporating polymers into concrete offers a sustainable approach to overcoming its brittleness, cracking tendency, and poor durability. Among various modifiers, latex-based polymers, such as Styrene-Butadiene Rubber (SBR), acrylics, and vinyl acetate copolymers have shown remarkable potential to improve the performance of concrete. Latex-Modified Concrete (LMC) develops a continuous polymer film within the cement matrix, enhancing the bond between aggregates, reducing porosity, and improving adhesion. Research indicates that LMC increases tensile and flexural strength by 30–60% and provides superior resistance to chloride penetration, carbonation, and freeze-thaw cycles. The polymer phase also bridges microcracks and enhances flexibility, addressing one of conventional concrete’s major weaknesses. However, excessive latex content or poor curing conditions may reduce compressive strength due to air entrapment and delayed hydration. Optimal performance is typically achieved when latex is added at 10–15% of the cement weight with controlled curing to ensure proper film formation. Owing to its enhanced impermeability and bonding characteristics, LMC is especially effective for overlays, repair works, and structures exposed to harsh environments. LMC is ideal for long-lasting infrastructure in harsh conditions because it has considerably increased the tensile and flexural strength, decreased permeability, and greater resistance to freeze-thaw deterioration.