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<p>The growing demand for low-carbon and high-performance construction materials has accelerated the development of high-performance geopolymer concrete (HPGC) as a sustainable alternative to conventional ordinary Portland cement (OPC)-based systems. This review presents a comprehensive and mechanism-driven evaluation of recent advances in HPGC, integrating geopolymerization chemistry, microstructural engineering, performance optimization, and long-term durability. Unlike traditional descriptive reviews, this study emphasizes the correlation between reaction mechanisms, gel chemistry (N–A–S–H and C–A–S–H systems), pore refinement, and interfacial transition zone (ITZ) optimization in governing the wide strength spectrum of HPGC (36–130&#xa0;MPa). The role of precursor synergy—particularly binary and ternary blends of fly ash, ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS), metakaolin, and silica-rich materials—are critically analyzed in relation to activator chemistry, silicate modulus, curing regime, and polymerization degree. Performance-based mix design strategies, statistical optimization methods, and emerging machine learning approaches are reviewed to highlight multi-objective optimization frameworks balancing strength, durability, and sustainability. Advanced enhancement techniques, including nanomaterial incorporation (nano-SiO<sub>2</sub>, nano-Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>, CNTs) and fiber reinforcement systems, are examined for their contribution to nucleation control, matrix densification, crack-bridging mechanisms, and fracture resistance. Durability performance under aggressive environments—sulphate attack, chloride penetration, carbonation, and elevated temperatures—is critically assessed alongside life-cycle environmental benefits and embodied CO<sub>2</sub> reduction potential. Comparative benchmarking with high-strength OPC concrete demonstrates that HPGC offers competitive or superior mechanical and durability performance while significantly reducing clinker dependency. However, challenges related to precursor variability, standardization, long-term field validation, and large-scale implementation remain. This review establishes a microstructure–performance–sustainability framework for next-generation geopolymer systems and identifies research directions necessary for transitioning HPGC from laboratory-scale innovation to widespread structural application.</p>

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A review on recent advances and developments in high-performance geopolymer concrete in the construction industry

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月20日

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  • M. Nanthini,
  • R. Ganesan,
  • Joseph Raj Xavier

摘要

The growing demand for low-carbon and high-performance construction materials has accelerated the development of high-performance geopolymer concrete (HPGC) as a sustainable alternative to conventional ordinary Portland cement (OPC)-based systems. This review presents a comprehensive and mechanism-driven evaluation of recent advances in HPGC, integrating geopolymerization chemistry, microstructural engineering, performance optimization, and long-term durability. Unlike traditional descriptive reviews, this study emphasizes the correlation between reaction mechanisms, gel chemistry (N–A–S–H and C–A–S–H systems), pore refinement, and interfacial transition zone (ITZ) optimization in governing the wide strength spectrum of HPGC (36–130 MPa). The role of precursor synergy—particularly binary and ternary blends of fly ash, ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS), metakaolin, and silica-rich materials—are critically analyzed in relation to activator chemistry, silicate modulus, curing regime, and polymerization degree. Performance-based mix design strategies, statistical optimization methods, and emerging machine learning approaches are reviewed to highlight multi-objective optimization frameworks balancing strength, durability, and sustainability. Advanced enhancement techniques, including nanomaterial incorporation (nano-SiO2, nano-Al2O3, CNTs) and fiber reinforcement systems, are examined for their contribution to nucleation control, matrix densification, crack-bridging mechanisms, and fracture resistance. Durability performance under aggressive environments—sulphate attack, chloride penetration, carbonation, and elevated temperatures—is critically assessed alongside life-cycle environmental benefits and embodied CO2 reduction potential. Comparative benchmarking with high-strength OPC concrete demonstrates that HPGC offers competitive or superior mechanical and durability performance while significantly reducing clinker dependency. However, challenges related to precursor variability, standardization, long-term field validation, and large-scale implementation remain. This review establishes a microstructure–performance–sustainability framework for next-generation geopolymer systems and identifies research directions necessary for transitioning HPGC from laboratory-scale innovation to widespread structural application.