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<p>Concrete is the most widely used construction material worldwide; however, its durability is significantly affected by cracks that form during its service life. Cracks facilitate the ingress of water, chlorides, and other aggressive agents, which accelerate deterioration processes such as reinforcement corrosion. Bacteria-based Self-Healing Concrete (BSHC) has emerged as an innovative bio-mediated technology capable of autonomously repairing cracks through Microbially Induced Calcium Carbonate Precipitation (MICP). This review critically evaluates the current state of research on BSHC, including bacterial species selection, nutrient systems, encapsulation techniques, incorporation methods, and their effects on mechanical and durability properties. A systematic literature review was conducted using major scientific databases to synthesize experimental findings reported between 2000 and 2025. A comparative analysis of the reviewed studies reveals that crack-healing efficiency depends strongly on bacterial strain, carrier materials, curing conditions, and crack width. The review also highlights methodological heterogeneity across experimental studies and evaluates their quality and reliability. Furthermore, biosafety considerations, EI, field demonstrations, economic feasibility, and scale-up challenges are discussed. Finally, research gaps and future directions are identified to support the practical implementation of BSHC in civil engineering infrastructure.</p>

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Innovative bacterial applications in self-healing concrete: impacts on mechanical properties, durability, crack healing, and microstructural characteristics

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月20日

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  • Rajesh Anbazhagan,
  • K. Elakkiya,
  • Sumathi Arunachalam

摘要

Concrete is the most widely used construction material worldwide; however, its durability is significantly affected by cracks that form during its service life. Cracks facilitate the ingress of water, chlorides, and other aggressive agents, which accelerate deterioration processes such as reinforcement corrosion. Bacteria-based Self-Healing Concrete (BSHC) has emerged as an innovative bio-mediated technology capable of autonomously repairing cracks through Microbially Induced Calcium Carbonate Precipitation (MICP). This review critically evaluates the current state of research on BSHC, including bacterial species selection, nutrient systems, encapsulation techniques, incorporation methods, and their effects on mechanical and durability properties. A systematic literature review was conducted using major scientific databases to synthesize experimental findings reported between 2000 and 2025. A comparative analysis of the reviewed studies reveals that crack-healing efficiency depends strongly on bacterial strain, carrier materials, curing conditions, and crack width. The review also highlights methodological heterogeneity across experimental studies and evaluates their quality and reliability. Furthermore, biosafety considerations, EI, field demonstrations, economic feasibility, and scale-up challenges are discussed. Finally, research gaps and future directions are identified to support the practical implementation of BSHC in civil engineering infrastructure.