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<p>This study investigates dry sand–structure interaction by validating a nonlinear constitutive model with a curved strength envelope against a detailed 1&#xa0;g small-scale physical model of an L-shaped retaining wall. The wall and backfill response was observed through a transparent side surface and quantified using full-field Digital Image Correlation (DIC), enabling direct assessment of displacement fields and shear localization under strip footing surcharge loading. Numerical simulations were performed using a conventional linear Mohr–Coulomb model and a nonlinear curved-envelope formulation calibrated for low confining stresses. Although both models reproduce the measured ultimate load, conventional Mohr–Coulomb modeling is insufficient to reproduce displacement magnitudes and localization patterns in low-stress 1&#xa0;g physical models. The Mohr–Coulomb model overestimates displacements and requires load-level-dependent stiffness calibration, while the curved-envelope model provides consistent agreement with both global response and DIC-derived displacement fields using a single parameter set. The results demonstrate the importance of stress-dependent strength representation for reliable numerical interpretation of reduced-scale retaining-wall tests.</p>

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Curved-envelope modeling of dry sand–structure interaction: validation by 1 g physical L-Wall testing and digital image correlation

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月13日

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  • Edib Zekić,
  • Adis Skejić

摘要

This study investigates dry sand–structure interaction by validating a nonlinear constitutive model with a curved strength envelope against a detailed 1 g small-scale physical model of an L-shaped retaining wall. The wall and backfill response was observed through a transparent side surface and quantified using full-field Digital Image Correlation (DIC), enabling direct assessment of displacement fields and shear localization under strip footing surcharge loading. Numerical simulations were performed using a conventional linear Mohr–Coulomb model and a nonlinear curved-envelope formulation calibrated for low confining stresses. Although both models reproduce the measured ultimate load, conventional Mohr–Coulomb modeling is insufficient to reproduce displacement magnitudes and localization patterns in low-stress 1 g physical models. The Mohr–Coulomb model overestimates displacements and requires load-level-dependent stiffness calibration, while the curved-envelope model provides consistent agreement with both global response and DIC-derived displacement fields using a single parameter set. The results demonstrate the importance of stress-dependent strength representation for reliable numerical interpretation of reduced-scale retaining-wall tests.