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<p>Soft clay deposits pose significant challenges for infrastructure development due to their low shear strength, high compressibility, and prolonged consolidation times. Prefabricated vertical drains (PVDs), frequently combined with vacuum and surcharge preloading, are widely adopted to accelerate consolidation and enhance ground stability. This systematic literature review synthesizes recent advances (2020–2025) in consolidation modelling approaches, hybrid vacuum–surcharge innovations, optimization of design parameters, and global field performance of PVD-improved soft soils. The review highlights that PVD installation fundamentally alters soil behaviour by modifying drainage paths, increasing effective horizontal permeability, and inducing localized microstructural changes within the smear zone surrounding the drains. Classical analytical solutions remain valuable as a theoretical basis; however, they often deviate from observed field behaviour because they inadequately capture anisotropy, smear effects, creep, non-Darcian flow, and finite drain resistance. In contrast, advanced numerical approaches—such as finite element and finite difference methods—combined with Bayesian updating and observational monitoring frameworks, demonstrate improved reliability in predicting settlement and pore pressure dissipation. Recent hybrid vacuum–surcharge systems, including air-boosted vacuum techniques and combined horizontal–vertical drainage networks, further enhance consolidation efficiency by sustaining drainage capacity and mitigating clogging and vacuum attenuation. Field case histories from Asia, Europe, and the Middle East confirm that accurate prediction requires calibration to site-specific soil conditions and validation against long-term monitoring data. Overall, this review consolidates current knowledge on PVD-induced changes in soft soil behaviour and emphasizes future research directions focusing on integrative modelling frameworks, detailed soil–drain interaction mechanisms, durability and sustainability considerations, and field-scale validation of hybrid consolidation systems.</p>

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Consolidation of soft soils using prefabricated vertical drains: a systematic review of modeling advances, hybrid preloading innovations, and field performance

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月16日

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  • Willis Diana,
  • Edi Hartono

摘要

Soft clay deposits pose significant challenges for infrastructure development due to their low shear strength, high compressibility, and prolonged consolidation times. Prefabricated vertical drains (PVDs), frequently combined with vacuum and surcharge preloading, are widely adopted to accelerate consolidation and enhance ground stability. This systematic literature review synthesizes recent advances (2020–2025) in consolidation modelling approaches, hybrid vacuum–surcharge innovations, optimization of design parameters, and global field performance of PVD-improved soft soils. The review highlights that PVD installation fundamentally alters soil behaviour by modifying drainage paths, increasing effective horizontal permeability, and inducing localized microstructural changes within the smear zone surrounding the drains. Classical analytical solutions remain valuable as a theoretical basis; however, they often deviate from observed field behaviour because they inadequately capture anisotropy, smear effects, creep, non-Darcian flow, and finite drain resistance. In contrast, advanced numerical approaches—such as finite element and finite difference methods—combined with Bayesian updating and observational monitoring frameworks, demonstrate improved reliability in predicting settlement and pore pressure dissipation. Recent hybrid vacuum–surcharge systems, including air-boosted vacuum techniques and combined horizontal–vertical drainage networks, further enhance consolidation efficiency by sustaining drainage capacity and mitigating clogging and vacuum attenuation. Field case histories from Asia, Europe, and the Middle East confirm that accurate prediction requires calibration to site-specific soil conditions and validation against long-term monitoring data. Overall, this review consolidates current knowledge on PVD-induced changes in soft soil behaviour and emphasizes future research directions focusing on integrative modelling frameworks, detailed soil–drain interaction mechanisms, durability and sustainability considerations, and field-scale validation of hybrid consolidation systems.