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<p>Developments in performance-based pavement design have accelerated the quest for environmentally friendly substitute materials for highway construction. Reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP), has become a practical way to reduce dependence on bitumen and virgin aggregates without compromising its mechanical properties. In this study, a combined Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and mechanistic strain analysis are used to give an integrated environmental and structural evaluation of Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) using RAP. SimaPro 9.6.0.1 with the ReCiPe 2016 Endpoint (E) approach was used to assess five mixes Conventional Mix (CM) and its RAP-modified variants (RM20, RM30, RM40, and RM50) under a cradle-to-gate boundary in accordance with ISO 14,040 and 14,044 standards. The structural performance was assessed in KENPAVE using dual-wheel loading to determine critical horizontal tensile strain at the bottom of the bituminous layer and vertical compressive strain at the top of the subgrade. Results indicated over 50% reduction in carcinogenic impacts, 45% lower fossil fuel depletion, and improvements of ≈ 45% in Human health, 40% in Ecosystem quality, and 45% in Resource preservation for RM50. The strain responses for all mixes were below allowable limits, confirming structural adequacy. Overall, the study establishes that higher RAP incorporation enhances both environmental sustainability and mechanical resilience, promoting circular and performance-driven pavement construction.</p>

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Cradle-to-gate life cycle assessment of hot mix asphalt with RAP: towards environmentally sustainable pavement systems

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月5日

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  • Sambasiva Rao Ganjikunta,
  • Ramesh Adepu,
  • Harinder D,
  • Sneha Gande

摘要

Developments in performance-based pavement design have accelerated the quest for environmentally friendly substitute materials for highway construction. Reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP), has become a practical way to reduce dependence on bitumen and virgin aggregates without compromising its mechanical properties. In this study, a combined Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and mechanistic strain analysis are used to give an integrated environmental and structural evaluation of Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) using RAP. SimaPro 9.6.0.1 with the ReCiPe 2016 Endpoint (E) approach was used to assess five mixes Conventional Mix (CM) and its RAP-modified variants (RM20, RM30, RM40, and RM50) under a cradle-to-gate boundary in accordance with ISO 14,040 and 14,044 standards. The structural performance was assessed in KENPAVE using dual-wheel loading to determine critical horizontal tensile strain at the bottom of the bituminous layer and vertical compressive strain at the top of the subgrade. Results indicated over 50% reduction in carcinogenic impacts, 45% lower fossil fuel depletion, and improvements of ≈ 45% in Human health, 40% in Ecosystem quality, and 45% in Resource preservation for RM50. The strain responses for all mixes were below allowable limits, confirming structural adequacy. Overall, the study establishes that higher RAP incorporation enhances both environmental sustainability and mechanical resilience, promoting circular and performance-driven pavement construction.