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<p>Soil-pile interaction plays a critical role in the seismic performance of pile foundations, necessitating its careful consideration in seismic design. In this study, nonlinear three-dimensional numerical analyses were conducted as a comprehensive parametric investigation into the seismic response of piles embedded in clayey soils. The nonlinear behavior of the soil was simulated using a modified advanced nonlinear constitutive model to capture the cyclic loading effects. The soil stiffness and strength were considered to be stress-dependent and to change with depth to simulate the more reliable approach of the soil medium. These depth-dependent soil properties were incorporated into the implementation of a nonlinear kinematic hardening soil constitutive model through controlling the plastic deformation rate. Seismic loads were applied at the base of the model, with input motions selected based on the characteristics of real earthquake records. The results demonstrated that the bending moment envelope of piles is influenced by both pile geometrical properties and the frequency content of seismic loading, which can be categorized into two distinct patterns. A key finding is the quantitative criterion for this classification: piles with a parameter <InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\:\delta\:=(L/D{)}^{0.9}{f}^{0.25}&gt;14.5\)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, called “Long” pile in this paper, exhibit a sharp “S-shaped” bending moment envelope, whereas those with <InlineEquation ID="IEq2"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\:\delta\:&lt;14.5\)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, called “Short” pile in this paper, shows a smooth “monotonic” envelope. Furthermore, the formula derived for parameter <i>δ</i> demonstrated that the influence of the pile slenderness ratio (<i>L/D</i>) on the shape of the bending moment envelope diagram is approximately 3.5 times more significant than the influence exerted by the frequency content parameter of the seismic loading. Based on extensive numerical analyses, a novel predictive method was developed to estimate pile kinematic bending moment diagrams under long-period seismic excitations. The proposed method and modified constitutive model were validated against experimental data and numerical simulations using real earthquake records, demonstrating their reliability and applicability.</p>

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Seismic response of piles using a modified nonlinear kinematic hardening constitutive model: 3D numerical modeling and predictive method development

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月16日

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  • Sajjad A. Borzeshi,
  • Sadjad Hadei,
  • Mohammad M. Ahmadi

摘要

Soil-pile interaction plays a critical role in the seismic performance of pile foundations, necessitating its careful consideration in seismic design. In this study, nonlinear three-dimensional numerical analyses were conducted as a comprehensive parametric investigation into the seismic response of piles embedded in clayey soils. The nonlinear behavior of the soil was simulated using a modified advanced nonlinear constitutive model to capture the cyclic loading effects. The soil stiffness and strength were considered to be stress-dependent and to change with depth to simulate the more reliable approach of the soil medium. These depth-dependent soil properties were incorporated into the implementation of a nonlinear kinematic hardening soil constitutive model through controlling the plastic deformation rate. Seismic loads were applied at the base of the model, with input motions selected based on the characteristics of real earthquake records. The results demonstrated that the bending moment envelope of piles is influenced by both pile geometrical properties and the frequency content of seismic loading, which can be categorized into two distinct patterns. A key finding is the quantitative criterion for this classification: piles with a parameter \(\:\delta\:=(L/D{)}^{0.9}{f}^{0.25}>14.5\) , called “Long” pile in this paper, exhibit a sharp “S-shaped” bending moment envelope, whereas those with \(\:\delta\:<14.5\) , called “Short” pile in this paper, shows a smooth “monotonic” envelope. Furthermore, the formula derived for parameter δ demonstrated that the influence of the pile slenderness ratio (L/D) on the shape of the bending moment envelope diagram is approximately 3.5 times more significant than the influence exerted by the frequency content parameter of the seismic loading. Based on extensive numerical analyses, a novel predictive method was developed to estimate pile kinematic bending moment diagrams under long-period seismic excitations. The proposed method and modified constitutive model were validated against experimental data and numerical simulations using real earthquake records, demonstrating their reliability and applicability.