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<p>High traffic volumes, vehicle overloading, and limited maintenance budgets pose a significant threat to the sustainability of road infrastructure in developing countries. Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA) is widely recognised for evaluating pavement alternatives, yet its use for modified asphalt mixtures under local traffic and climatic conditions remains scarce. This study applies LCCA to flexible, rigid, and modified asphalt pavements incorporating crumb rubber (CR-10%), nano-silica (NS-5%), and their composite (CR-10% + NS-5%) in Pakistan. Real-world design data and the 2024 Composite Schedule of Rates of the National Highway Authority (NHA) were utilised, with Net Present Value (NPV) analysis applied to construction, maintenance, and overlay costs over 20 years. Findings show that rigid pavements require 17% higher initial investment than flexible pavements but deliver 33% lower life-cycle costs. Modified asphalt mixtures further reduced costs by 8.1% (CR-10%), 5.3% (NS-5%), and 14.4% (CR-10% + NS-5%). By integrating laboratory-optimised CR–NS mixtures with real National Highway Authority (NHA) design and 2024 cost data in an agency-focused LCCA framework, this study provides the first context-specific comparison of flexible, rigid, and composite pavements under overloaded traffic, tropical climate, and constrained maintenance budgets in Pakistan. The results demonstrate that composite asphalt mixtures provide a technically and economically viable solution for sustainable and resilient pavement systems, supporting SDG 9 (Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure) and SDG 11 (Sustainable Cities and Communities).</p>

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Economic and sustainability assessment of flexible, rigid, and modified asphalt pavements using life cycle cost analysis

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月27日

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  • Waqas Haroon,
  • Naveed Ahmad

摘要

High traffic volumes, vehicle overloading, and limited maintenance budgets pose a significant threat to the sustainability of road infrastructure in developing countries. Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA) is widely recognised for evaluating pavement alternatives, yet its use for modified asphalt mixtures under local traffic and climatic conditions remains scarce. This study applies LCCA to flexible, rigid, and modified asphalt pavements incorporating crumb rubber (CR-10%), nano-silica (NS-5%), and their composite (CR-10% + NS-5%) in Pakistan. Real-world design data and the 2024 Composite Schedule of Rates of the National Highway Authority (NHA) were utilised, with Net Present Value (NPV) analysis applied to construction, maintenance, and overlay costs over 20 years. Findings show that rigid pavements require 17% higher initial investment than flexible pavements but deliver 33% lower life-cycle costs. Modified asphalt mixtures further reduced costs by 8.1% (CR-10%), 5.3% (NS-5%), and 14.4% (CR-10% + NS-5%). By integrating laboratory-optimised CR–NS mixtures with real National Highway Authority (NHA) design and 2024 cost data in an agency-focused LCCA framework, this study provides the first context-specific comparison of flexible, rigid, and composite pavements under overloaded traffic, tropical climate, and constrained maintenance budgets in Pakistan. The results demonstrate that composite asphalt mixtures provide a technically and economically viable solution for sustainable and resilient pavement systems, supporting SDG 9 (Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure) and SDG 11 (Sustainable Cities and Communities).