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<p>This study investigates the bond and durability performance of <i>Bambusa tulda</i> bamboo reinforcement embedded in M35-grade self-compacting concrete (SCC) with different epoxy-based surface treatments. The experimental program included pull-out, load–displacement, water absorption, and wet–dry cyclic tests, along with an evaluation of cost efficiency and CO<sub>2</sub> emissions to assess overall sustainability. Bamboo specimens were prepared in cylindrical SCC molds, with each culm cut into four equal segments for consistent testing. Surface modifications included untreated, epoxy-coated, and epoxy + sand-coated conditions using ExaPhen, True Grip BT, and Sikadur 32 Gel resins. Results revealed that surface treatment significantly enhanced the bond performance of bamboo reinforcement. The untreated bamboo exhibited an average bond stress of 0.52&#xa0;MPa, failing primarily by bond slip. Epoxy coatings improved adhesion, yielding 0.83&#xa0;MPa for ExaPhen and 0.72&#xa0;MPa for True Grip BT. The addition of sand further increased bond stress to 1.03&#xa0;MPa for ExaPhen + Sand and 0.94&#xa0;MPa for True Grip + Sand, owing to greater surface roughness and mechanical interlocking. Sikadur 32 + Sand achieved the highest bamboo bond strength of 1.06&#xa0;MPa, while the steel control specimen recorded 6.47&#xa0;MPa. The findings confirm that combining chemical adhesion from epoxy resins with physical interlocking from sand coatings markedly improves bond efficiency, durability, and load transfer in bamboo-reinforced SCC. The integration of ExaPhen + Sand and Sikadur 32 + Sand systems offers a practical, low-cost, and low-carbon alternative to steel reinforcement, promoting the sustainable use of bamboo in structural concrete applications.</p>

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Investigation of pull-out behavior in treated tulda bamboo reinforcement embedded in SCC

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月16日

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  • Soniya Vilas Kadam,
  • Nitin N. Bharadiya

摘要

This study investigates the bond and durability performance of Bambusa tulda bamboo reinforcement embedded in M35-grade self-compacting concrete (SCC) with different epoxy-based surface treatments. The experimental program included pull-out, load–displacement, water absorption, and wet–dry cyclic tests, along with an evaluation of cost efficiency and CO2 emissions to assess overall sustainability. Bamboo specimens were prepared in cylindrical SCC molds, with each culm cut into four equal segments for consistent testing. Surface modifications included untreated, epoxy-coated, and epoxy + sand-coated conditions using ExaPhen, True Grip BT, and Sikadur 32 Gel resins. Results revealed that surface treatment significantly enhanced the bond performance of bamboo reinforcement. The untreated bamboo exhibited an average bond stress of 0.52 MPa, failing primarily by bond slip. Epoxy coatings improved adhesion, yielding 0.83 MPa for ExaPhen and 0.72 MPa for True Grip BT. The addition of sand further increased bond stress to 1.03 MPa for ExaPhen + Sand and 0.94 MPa for True Grip + Sand, owing to greater surface roughness and mechanical interlocking. Sikadur 32 + Sand achieved the highest bamboo bond strength of 1.06 MPa, while the steel control specimen recorded 6.47 MPa. The findings confirm that combining chemical adhesion from epoxy resins with physical interlocking from sand coatings markedly improves bond efficiency, durability, and load transfer in bamboo-reinforced SCC. The integration of ExaPhen + Sand and Sikadur 32 + Sand systems offers a practical, low-cost, and low-carbon alternative to steel reinforcement, promoting the sustainable use of bamboo in structural concrete applications.