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<p>Red mud (RM), a waste by-product generated during the Bayer process of aluminum production, poses significant environmental challenges when disposed of in landfills. This study aims to develop a sustainable and eco-friendly binder by utilizing calcined red mud as an activator for ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS), thereby reducing the carbon footprint and promoting circular utilization of industrial waste. Red mud was dried at 100&#xa0;°C, calcined at 800&#xa0;°C, and incorporated into GGBFS at substitution levels of 2%, 4%, 8%, and 16% to identify the optimal mix for building applications. Portland cement (10%) was included to initiate early hydration. The hydration process was monitored using isothermal calorimetry, and mechanical properties were evaluated up to 56 days. Results revealed that 4% calcined red mud, combined with 10% Portland cement and 86% GGBFS, achieved the best performance, offering balanced strength, reduced setting time, and lower heat of hydration. For low-strength applications, up to 16% uncalcined red mud can be effectively utilized. Overall, the incorporation of red mud in GGBFS-based composites enhances sustainability by reducing landfill disposal and supporting low-carbon construction materials.</p>

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Green production of ground granulated blast furnace mortar activated by calcined red mud

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月27日

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  • Abdulaziz Alaskar

摘要

Red mud (RM), a waste by-product generated during the Bayer process of aluminum production, poses significant environmental challenges when disposed of in landfills. This study aims to develop a sustainable and eco-friendly binder by utilizing calcined red mud as an activator for ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS), thereby reducing the carbon footprint and promoting circular utilization of industrial waste. Red mud was dried at 100 °C, calcined at 800 °C, and incorporated into GGBFS at substitution levels of 2%, 4%, 8%, and 16% to identify the optimal mix for building applications. Portland cement (10%) was included to initiate early hydration. The hydration process was monitored using isothermal calorimetry, and mechanical properties were evaluated up to 56 days. Results revealed that 4% calcined red mud, combined with 10% Portland cement and 86% GGBFS, achieved the best performance, offering balanced strength, reduced setting time, and lower heat of hydration. For low-strength applications, up to 16% uncalcined red mud can be effectively utilized. Overall, the incorporation of red mud in GGBFS-based composites enhances sustainability by reducing landfill disposal and supporting low-carbon construction materials.