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<p>This study presents a detailed assessment of visible damages and failure mechanisms of masonry and reinforced concrete (RC) buildings due to soil subsidence, debris floods, and soil erosion caused by unprecedented rainfall in 2023 in the state of Himachal Pradesh, India. An extensive field survey across 15 settlements (i.e., villages, towns, and cities) was conducted, wherein 201 buildings were severely damaged. The influence of different types of retaining wall arrangements, typically practiced in and around the buildings to support the uphill-side soil, is discussed. Further, the failure mechanisms of masonry and RC buildings under debris floods are also reported based on insights from the field survey and associated numerical study. Furthermore, the repercussions of not adhering to available code recommendations and design guidelines are critically examined, with specific focus on the extent of damage observed at both the element and global levels of buildings. The current damage survey also highlights common deficiencies such as inadequate foundation depths, improper setbacks from retaining walls, omission of horizontal bands in masonry buildings, lack of erosion protection measures, and inadequate ductile detailing of structural elements.</p>

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Damage assessment of buildings in the Western Himalayan region under soil subsidence, debris flood, and soil erosion events occurred during 2023 monsoon season

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年11月6日

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  • Mahipal Kulariya,
  • Sandip Kumar Saha

摘要

This study presents a detailed assessment of visible damages and failure mechanisms of masonry and reinforced concrete (RC) buildings due to soil subsidence, debris floods, and soil erosion caused by unprecedented rainfall in 2023 in the state of Himachal Pradesh, India. An extensive field survey across 15 settlements (i.e., villages, towns, and cities) was conducted, wherein 201 buildings were severely damaged. The influence of different types of retaining wall arrangements, typically practiced in and around the buildings to support the uphill-side soil, is discussed. Further, the failure mechanisms of masonry and RC buildings under debris floods are also reported based on insights from the field survey and associated numerical study. Furthermore, the repercussions of not adhering to available code recommendations and design guidelines are critically examined, with specific focus on the extent of damage observed at both the element and global levels of buildings. The current damage survey also highlights common deficiencies such as inadequate foundation depths, improper setbacks from retaining walls, omission of horizontal bands in masonry buildings, lack of erosion protection measures, and inadequate ductile detailing of structural elements.