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<p>Pipelines are a fundamental component of resource transportation. They carry water, oil, and natural gas. However, they are vulnerable to explosions, both accidental and deliberate. This creates major safety challenges and operational risks. Many studies have explored pipeline responses under blast loading. However, the role of internal fluid levels in blast mitigation is still not well understood. This study addresses this gap. It proposes a numerical investigation based on computational fluid dynamics. The analysis explores how different internal water fill levels, ranging from empty to fully filled, affect the blast resistance of steel pipelines under contact explosions. A coupled Eulerian–Lagrangian (CEL) finite element approach was adopted in ABAQUS. The model applied the Johnson–Cook constitutive law for steel. It also used the Jones–Wilkins–Lee equation of state for TNT and the U<sub>s</sub>–U<sub>p</sub> Hugoniot relations for water. The numerical model of an empty pipeline was first validated against benchmark experimental deformation reported in the literature. The converged mesh (element size t/4 = 6.55&#xa0;mm) produced a crown deformation of 34.41 mm. The difference from the test was only 1.68%. Following validation, we analyzed a total of five filling conditions: 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%. Performance was evaluated using five measures: peak deformation, plastic deformation, acceleration response, reflected pressure, and stresses. The results demonstrate a clear improvement in blast resistance with increasing water content. Under a modeled contact 0.40 kg TNT charge, increasing internal water fraction reduced crown deformation from 34.41 mm (0% fill) to 2.24 mm (100% fill) and lowered plastic damage energy from 119 to 17.05 J, indicating that internal water can provide a low-cost, passive mitigation measure for near-field blasts by increasing structural impedance and absorbing blast energy. This study helps quantify how internal water filling reduces blast effects. The findings can guide design strategies for safer pipelines and related infrastructure.</p>

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Investigation of water-filled configurations for improving pipeline resistance to explosive loads

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年10月16日

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  • Farman Saifi,
  • Mohd Javaid,
  • Abid Haleem,
  • S. M. Anas

摘要

Pipelines are a fundamental component of resource transportation. They carry water, oil, and natural gas. However, they are vulnerable to explosions, both accidental and deliberate. This creates major safety challenges and operational risks. Many studies have explored pipeline responses under blast loading. However, the role of internal fluid levels in blast mitigation is still not well understood. This study addresses this gap. It proposes a numerical investigation based on computational fluid dynamics. The analysis explores how different internal water fill levels, ranging from empty to fully filled, affect the blast resistance of steel pipelines under contact explosions. A coupled Eulerian–Lagrangian (CEL) finite element approach was adopted in ABAQUS. The model applied the Johnson–Cook constitutive law for steel. It also used the Jones–Wilkins–Lee equation of state for TNT and the Us–Up Hugoniot relations for water. The numerical model of an empty pipeline was first validated against benchmark experimental deformation reported in the literature. The converged mesh (element size t/4 = 6.55 mm) produced a crown deformation of 34.41 mm. The difference from the test was only 1.68%. Following validation, we analyzed a total of five filling conditions: 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%. Performance was evaluated using five measures: peak deformation, plastic deformation, acceleration response, reflected pressure, and stresses. The results demonstrate a clear improvement in blast resistance with increasing water content. Under a modeled contact 0.40 kg TNT charge, increasing internal water fraction reduced crown deformation from 34.41 mm (0% fill) to 2.24 mm (100% fill) and lowered plastic damage energy from 119 to 17.05 J, indicating that internal water can provide a low-cost, passive mitigation measure for near-field blasts by increasing structural impedance and absorbing blast energy. This study helps quantify how internal water filling reduces blast effects. The findings can guide design strategies for safer pipelines and related infrastructure.