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<p>Despite the beneficial effects of utilizing agricultural and industrial wastes as supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) in cementitious systems, there have been concerns over the high energy requirements (&gt; 700&#xa0;°C) for their activation. This study investigates the potential use of rice husk ash (RHA) and pulverized clay brick (PCB) as low-energy SCMs to address environmental and economic challenges in the construction industry. RHA was synthesized at 500&#xa0;°C for two hours, significantly below the conventional calcination temperature (700–900&#xa0;°C). PCB was sourced directly from construction and demolition waste (CDW) and used in its uncalcined form, eliminating reburning energy since bricks were already calcined during manufacturing. To systematically evaluate synergy beyond individual SCM limit, ternary blend at 30% cement replacement level (70:09:21, 70:12:18, 70:15:15 PLC: RHA:PCB) were designed, intentionally positioning PCB at 15–21% to span and exceed its established optimal range (10–20%). The 70:15:15 blend (15% RHA, 15% PCB) achieved optimal performance: 24.60&#xa0;MPa compressive strength at 84&#xa0;days (surpassing the control by 4%), PAI ≥ 75% (7/28 days), and 10% strength gain under short-term sulfate exposure (27.06&#xa0;MPa), outperforming the control’s 6% increase. The 70:09:21 blend (21% PCB) maintained functionality despite exceeding typical PCB limits, demonstrating RHA’s role in reducing PCB’s limitations. Furthermore, there was a linear relationship between curing duration and compressive strength for all blends, with R<sup>2</sup> values of 0.985 (70:15:15) and 0.956 (70:12:18), both exceeding the control’s 0.944. This study demonstrates that RHA synthesized at 500&#xa0;°C and uncalcined PCB can potentially replace 30% of cement, providing a scalable waste-valorization strategy for resource-constrained regions.</p>

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Mechanical and sulfate resistance properties of ternary blended mortar composite incorporating rice husk ash and pulverized clay bricks

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年9月30日

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  • Mukhtar Ismail,
  • Adams Balade Abubakar,
  • Adamu Lawan,
  • Ibrahim Aliyu,
  • Ayman Sabry Shihata

摘要

Despite the beneficial effects of utilizing agricultural and industrial wastes as supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) in cementitious systems, there have been concerns over the high energy requirements (> 700 °C) for their activation. This study investigates the potential use of rice husk ash (RHA) and pulverized clay brick (PCB) as low-energy SCMs to address environmental and economic challenges in the construction industry. RHA was synthesized at 500 °C for two hours, significantly below the conventional calcination temperature (700–900 °C). PCB was sourced directly from construction and demolition waste (CDW) and used in its uncalcined form, eliminating reburning energy since bricks were already calcined during manufacturing. To systematically evaluate synergy beyond individual SCM limit, ternary blend at 30% cement replacement level (70:09:21, 70:12:18, 70:15:15 PLC: RHA:PCB) were designed, intentionally positioning PCB at 15–21% to span and exceed its established optimal range (10–20%). The 70:15:15 blend (15% RHA, 15% PCB) achieved optimal performance: 24.60 MPa compressive strength at 84 days (surpassing the control by 4%), PAI ≥ 75% (7/28 days), and 10% strength gain under short-term sulfate exposure (27.06 MPa), outperforming the control’s 6% increase. The 70:09:21 blend (21% PCB) maintained functionality despite exceeding typical PCB limits, demonstrating RHA’s role in reducing PCB’s limitations. Furthermore, there was a linear relationship between curing duration and compressive strength for all blends, with R2 values of 0.985 (70:15:15) and 0.956 (70:12:18), both exceeding the control’s 0.944. This study demonstrates that RHA synthesized at 500 °C and uncalcined PCB can potentially replace 30% of cement, providing a scalable waste-valorization strategy for resource-constrained regions.