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<p>Graphene is a monolayer of carbon atoms which is prearranged in a two dimensional (2D) hexagonal pattern. It has exceptional properties like high surface area, tensile strength, young’s modulus and thermal conductivity. This review comprehensively compares Traditional Graphene (TG) and Flash Graphene (FG), focusing on their effectiveness in cementitious materials. TG typically produced through mechanical exfoliation and chemical vapor deposition (CVD), is contrasted with FG, a recent innovation produced through Flash Joule Heating (FJH). The FJH method is faster, cheaper and more environmentally friendly than traditional methods. This study highlights the structural differences, synthesis methods, energy and water usage, environmental impact and cost efficiency of TG and FG. TG features AB stacked arrangements, while FG has a turbostratic structure. FG is significantly more efficient, producing substantially lower CO<sub>2</sub> emissions (16.32&#xa0;kg CO<sub>2</sub> /kg for FG versus 102.133&#xa0;kg CO<sub>2</sub> /kg for TG). Additionally, FG demonstrates superior performance in enhancing the compressive strength (CS) of cementitious materials. FG is also markedly more cost-effective, with production costs approximately 99% lower than TG. This review underscores the potential of FG as a sustainable and economical alternative to TG in the construction industry. The findings suggest that FG could significantly advance the development of infrastructure, environmentally friendly building materials, to enhance the CS of cementitious materials.</p>

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Traditional graphene vs. flash graphene: a state-of-the-art review in the cementitious materials

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年5月23日

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  • Malaiappan Sindhu Muthu,
  • Mallikarjun Perumalla

摘要

Graphene is a monolayer of carbon atoms which is prearranged in a two dimensional (2D) hexagonal pattern. It has exceptional properties like high surface area, tensile strength, young’s modulus and thermal conductivity. This review comprehensively compares Traditional Graphene (TG) and Flash Graphene (FG), focusing on their effectiveness in cementitious materials. TG typically produced through mechanical exfoliation and chemical vapor deposition (CVD), is contrasted with FG, a recent innovation produced through Flash Joule Heating (FJH). The FJH method is faster, cheaper and more environmentally friendly than traditional methods. This study highlights the structural differences, synthesis methods, energy and water usage, environmental impact and cost efficiency of TG and FG. TG features AB stacked arrangements, while FG has a turbostratic structure. FG is significantly more efficient, producing substantially lower CO2 emissions (16.32 kg CO2 /kg for FG versus 102.133 kg CO2 /kg for TG). Additionally, FG demonstrates superior performance in enhancing the compressive strength (CS) of cementitious materials. FG is also markedly more cost-effective, with production costs approximately 99% lower than TG. This review underscores the potential of FG as a sustainable and economical alternative to TG in the construction industry. The findings suggest that FG could significantly advance the development of infrastructure, environmentally friendly building materials, to enhance the CS of cementitious materials.