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<p>This study investigates the durability of Reactive Powder Underwater Concrete (RPUWC) in the saline environment of the Shatt Al-Arab region, southern Iraq. RPUWC formulations were designed using ordinary Portland cement, silica fume (SF) at 15% and 30% replacements, silica sand, and varying dosages of anti-wash admixture (AWA) at 0.5%, 0.7%, and 0.9%. A naphthalene-based high-range water reducer (HRWRA) ensured controlled slump flow between 200 and 300 mm. Reinforced variations included different micro-steel fiber (MSF) dosages. The experimental program evaluated water permeability, chloride permeability, weight loss, residual mechanical properties, electrical resistivity, half-cell potential, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis. Concrete cylinders (75 × 150&#xa0;mm) were cast underwater and exposed to wet-dry (WD) cycling for one year to simulate aggressive saline conditions. Minitab 19 optimization identified the optimal mix for enhanced performance. Results showed that 30% SF significantly improved impermeability by 50% and reduced chloride diffusion by 38% after 28 days. The RPUWC mix with 30% SF and 0.9% AWA demonstrated strong resistance to saline environments, maintaining durability and mechanical integrity. Notably, a mix with 1% MSF, 30% SF, and 0.9% AWA exhibited excellent performance under WD cycles in Shatt Al-Arab water, achieving a compressive strength of 75.5 MPa and electrical resistivity of 309&#xa0;kΩ&#xa0;cm. This mix’s optimization is validated by a composite desirability score of 0.956, highlighting its suitability for aggressive marine environments.</p>

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Durability of reactive powder underwater concrete exposed to saline environment: Shatt Al-Arab, Southern Iraq case study

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年2月16日

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  • Doha M. Alsaffar,
  • Basil S. Al-Shathr,
  • Suhair K. Abed

摘要

This study investigates the durability of Reactive Powder Underwater Concrete (RPUWC) in the saline environment of the Shatt Al-Arab region, southern Iraq. RPUWC formulations were designed using ordinary Portland cement, silica fume (SF) at 15% and 30% replacements, silica sand, and varying dosages of anti-wash admixture (AWA) at 0.5%, 0.7%, and 0.9%. A naphthalene-based high-range water reducer (HRWRA) ensured controlled slump flow between 200 and 300 mm. Reinforced variations included different micro-steel fiber (MSF) dosages. The experimental program evaluated water permeability, chloride permeability, weight loss, residual mechanical properties, electrical resistivity, half-cell potential, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis. Concrete cylinders (75 × 150 mm) were cast underwater and exposed to wet-dry (WD) cycling for one year to simulate aggressive saline conditions. Minitab 19 optimization identified the optimal mix for enhanced performance. Results showed that 30% SF significantly improved impermeability by 50% and reduced chloride diffusion by 38% after 28 days. The RPUWC mix with 30% SF and 0.9% AWA demonstrated strong resistance to saline environments, maintaining durability and mechanical integrity. Notably, a mix with 1% MSF, 30% SF, and 0.9% AWA exhibited excellent performance under WD cycles in Shatt Al-Arab water, achieving a compressive strength of 75.5 MPa and electrical resistivity of 309 kΩ cm. This mix’s optimization is validated by a composite desirability score of 0.956, highlighting its suitability for aggressive marine environments.