Consequences of fatigue in concrete structures: a state-of-the-art review and possible remedial measures

Fatigue in reinforced concrete structures entails a gradual decline due to repetitive or cyclic loads resulting in the formation of cracks, vulnerabilities, and ultimately, structural failures across various applications. This review paper examines the existing literature on the impact of fatigue, failure and influential factors affecting fatigue which employs a systematic approach to the different methods of detecting fatigue and possible strategies to mitigate damage due to fatigue. Key findings suggest that detection techniques such as acoustic emission (AE), industrial computed tomography (ICT), and vibrational resonance frequency measurements effectively identify fatigue damage, while materials like rubber concrete and high-performance concrete (HPC) enhance performance and sustainability. The paper concludes with recommendations for future research, emphasizing the extensive studies needed to understand and improve the performance of high-performance concrete (HPC) and self-healing concrete under cyclic loading conditions to boost fatigue resistance and durability.