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<p>The pursuit of metal-free multicomponent reactions (MCRs) via direct C–H bond functionalization represents a significant stride toward sustainable and atom-economical organic synthesis. This review comprehensively examines advances from 2016 to 2025 in metal-free C–H functionalization strategies integrated with MCRs for the efficient construction of complex, bioactive heterocycles. Key mechanistic platforms explored include iminium ion activation, azomethine ylide chemistry, radical-mediated transformations, visible-light photoredox catalysis, and base-mediated protocols. Each approach is critically analyzed in terms of substrate scope, regioselectivity and stereoselectivity, green metrics, and practical applicability. The strategic use of renewable feedstocks, solvent-free conditions, and recyclable catalysts further highlights the field’s alignment with green chemistry principles. Collectively, these methodologies underscore the growing potential of metal-free MCRs in delivering structurally diverse heterocyclic scaffolds for pharmaceutical and materials applications.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Merging Multicomponent Reactions and Metal-Free C–H Functionalization: Emerging Tools in Organic Synthesis

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月13日

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  • Ariful Islam,
  • B. Shriya Saikia,
  • Pranjal K. Baruah

摘要

The pursuit of metal-free multicomponent reactions (MCRs) via direct C–H bond functionalization represents a significant stride toward sustainable and atom-economical organic synthesis. This review comprehensively examines advances from 2016 to 2025 in metal-free C–H functionalization strategies integrated with MCRs for the efficient construction of complex, bioactive heterocycles. Key mechanistic platforms explored include iminium ion activation, azomethine ylide chemistry, radical-mediated transformations, visible-light photoredox catalysis, and base-mediated protocols. Each approach is critically analyzed in terms of substrate scope, regioselectivity and stereoselectivity, green metrics, and practical applicability. The strategic use of renewable feedstocks, solvent-free conditions, and recyclable catalysts further highlights the field’s alignment with green chemistry principles. Collectively, these methodologies underscore the growing potential of metal-free MCRs in delivering structurally diverse heterocyclic scaffolds for pharmaceutical and materials applications.

Graphical Abstract