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<p>The present energy-intensive and feedstock-dependent Haber–Bosch (H–B) process is being replaced with an electrochemical nitrogen reduction reaction (E-NRR) to produce ammonia (NH<sub>3</sub>), powered by renewable electricity. The main obstacles to the NRR are the integral inertness of the N<sub>2</sub> molecule and competition from the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Although transition metal-based electrocatalysts can overcome the kinetic restriction of N≡N activation via the back-donation method, the <i>d</i>-orbital electrons of transition metal atoms promote the creation of a metal–H bond, which increases the undesired HER. The electrocatalytic NRR activity has increased in recent years owing to carbon-based materials with easily tunable electrical structures. As a result, it is essential to evaluate the latest advances in theoretical and experimental aspects of carbon-based catalysts (CBCs) for NRR. This review focuses on the use of various CBCs and the modifications done to them for their effective use in the E-NRR, providing a comprehensive understanding of the use of CBCs for the E-NRR and aids further research in the field with the aim of making the E-NRR more efficient.</p>

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Recent Advances in Tuning of Carbon-Based Nanostructure Surfaces Toward Electrochemical Nitrogen Reduction Reaction: Inquiry to Insights

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年9月15日

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  • Y. Anjali,
  • Rijo Rajeev,
  • B. Manoj,
  • Tom Cherian,
  • Anitha Varghese

摘要

The present energy-intensive and feedstock-dependent Haber–Bosch (H–B) process is being replaced with an electrochemical nitrogen reduction reaction (E-NRR) to produce ammonia (NH3), powered by renewable electricity. The main obstacles to the NRR are the integral inertness of the N2 molecule and competition from the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Although transition metal-based electrocatalysts can overcome the kinetic restriction of N≡N activation via the back-donation method, the d-orbital electrons of transition metal atoms promote the creation of a metal–H bond, which increases the undesired HER. The electrocatalytic NRR activity has increased in recent years owing to carbon-based materials with easily tunable electrical structures. As a result, it is essential to evaluate the latest advances in theoretical and experimental aspects of carbon-based catalysts (CBCs) for NRR. This review focuses on the use of various CBCs and the modifications done to them for their effective use in the E-NRR, providing a comprehensive understanding of the use of CBCs for the E-NRR and aids further research in the field with the aim of making the E-NRR more efficient.