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<p>Natural hydraulic lime (NHL) mortars are widely used in the conservation of historic structures because of their compatibility with traditional building materials. This study investigates the influence of Triphala extract, a plant-derived formulation containing Terminalia chebula, Terminalia bellirica, and Emblica officinalis (Triphala), on the autogenous self-healing behavior of NHL mortar. The effect of Triphala on crack healing was evaluated through compressive strength recovery, ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV), and microstructural characterization using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). Mortar specimens were pre-cracked to 70% of their compressive strength and cured for up to 90 days. The incorporation of Triphala enhanced crack closure compared with the reference mortar. After 90 days, the reference mortar achieved 37.50% crack healing, whereas MM-0.5%, MM-1.0%, MM-1.5%, MM-2.0%, and MM-2.5% exhibited healing efficiencies of 44.62%, 65.57%, 82.26%, 100%, and 88.52%, respectively. Complete crack closure was observed only for the MM-2.0% mix. Microstructural analyses confirmed that enhanced healing resulted from continued carbonation and calcium carbonate precipitation, leading to matrix densification and crack filling. These findings demonstrate that Triphala extract effectively promotes autogenous self-healing in hydraulic lime mortars and offers a sustainable approach for improving the durability of repair mortars used in heritage conservation.</p>

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Experimental investigation of triphala extract-modified hydraulic lime mortar for self-healing and sustainable heritage conservation

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年8月3日

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  • Nisha Sankar,
  • Ravi Ramadoss

摘要

Natural hydraulic lime (NHL) mortars are widely used in the conservation of historic structures because of their compatibility with traditional building materials. This study investigates the influence of Triphala extract, a plant-derived formulation containing Terminalia chebula, Terminalia bellirica, and Emblica officinalis (Triphala), on the autogenous self-healing behavior of NHL mortar. The effect of Triphala on crack healing was evaluated through compressive strength recovery, ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV), and microstructural characterization using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). Mortar specimens were pre-cracked to 70% of their compressive strength and cured for up to 90 days. The incorporation of Triphala enhanced crack closure compared with the reference mortar. After 90 days, the reference mortar achieved 37.50% crack healing, whereas MM-0.5%, MM-1.0%, MM-1.5%, MM-2.0%, and MM-2.5% exhibited healing efficiencies of 44.62%, 65.57%, 82.26%, 100%, and 88.52%, respectively. Complete crack closure was observed only for the MM-2.0% mix. Microstructural analyses confirmed that enhanced healing resulted from continued carbonation and calcium carbonate precipitation, leading to matrix densification and crack filling. These findings demonstrate that Triphala extract effectively promotes autogenous self-healing in hydraulic lime mortars and offers a sustainable approach for improving the durability of repair mortars used in heritage conservation.