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<p>The acid-induced degradation of cementitious materials remains a major durability concern in aggressive industrial and wastewater environments. This study evaluated the chemical resistance of Alccofine-1203 mortar modified with graphene oxide and nano-TiO₂ under prolonged H₂SO₄ and MgSO₄ exposure. A factorial experimental program was combined with two-way ANOVA, response surface analysis, kinetic modelling, and durability index-based ranking to evaluate the formulation effects and identify experimentally favorable Alccofine–nanomaterial combinations. The best-performing formulation, containing 10% Alccofine and 0.09% graphene oxide, reduced the 365-day weight loss under H₂SO₄ exposure from 23.1% in the OPC control to 11.1%, corresponding to a 51.9% reduction. H₂SO₄ exposure resulted in nearly four times higher degradation than MgSO₄, confirming the need for an exposure-specific durability assessment. Among the candidate kinetic models evaluated, the power-law model best represented the measured weight-loss progression within the 365-day dataset and was used for the comparative laboratory-based time-to-threshold estimation. A Primary Durability Index and Comparative Durability Index were proposed to rank the acid/sulfate degradation resistance under identical exposure conditions. Laboratory-based time-to-threshold estimates were examined using internal cross-validation (MAPE = 14.8%) and Monte Carlo sensitivity analysis (CV = 11.7%), supporting their use for comparative formulation assessment under accelerated exposure conditions. Further microstructural characterization and field validation are required before direct application to field service life estimation.</p>

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Performance-based durability assessment of nano-enhanced alccofine mortar under H2SO4 and MgSO4 exposure: response-surface analysis and kinetic modeling

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月18日

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  • Venkatesh Wadki,
  • Bhavana B

摘要

The acid-induced degradation of cementitious materials remains a major durability concern in aggressive industrial and wastewater environments. This study evaluated the chemical resistance of Alccofine-1203 mortar modified with graphene oxide and nano-TiO₂ under prolonged H₂SO₄ and MgSO₄ exposure. A factorial experimental program was combined with two-way ANOVA, response surface analysis, kinetic modelling, and durability index-based ranking to evaluate the formulation effects and identify experimentally favorable Alccofine–nanomaterial combinations. The best-performing formulation, containing 10% Alccofine and 0.09% graphene oxide, reduced the 365-day weight loss under H₂SO₄ exposure from 23.1% in the OPC control to 11.1%, corresponding to a 51.9% reduction. H₂SO₄ exposure resulted in nearly four times higher degradation than MgSO₄, confirming the need for an exposure-specific durability assessment. Among the candidate kinetic models evaluated, the power-law model best represented the measured weight-loss progression within the 365-day dataset and was used for the comparative laboratory-based time-to-threshold estimation. A Primary Durability Index and Comparative Durability Index were proposed to rank the acid/sulfate degradation resistance under identical exposure conditions. Laboratory-based time-to-threshold estimates were examined using internal cross-validation (MAPE = 14.8%) and Monte Carlo sensitivity analysis (CV = 11.7%), supporting their use for comparative formulation assessment under accelerated exposure conditions. Further microstructural characterization and field validation are required before direct application to field service life estimation.