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<p>This study proposes an enhanced Volume of Fluid (VOF) model incorporating dynamic contact angle (DCA) effects to improve capillary flow predictions in encapsulation-based self-healing concrete.&#xa0;While the classical Lucas-Washburn equation (LWE) assumes a constant contact angle, leading to overestimations in capillary rise, this work integrates time-dependent (TDCA) and velocity-dependent (VDCA) DCA models to better capture interfacial dynamics at the meniscus. Simulations demonstrated that the VDCA model reduced mean absolute errors from 17.0 to 42.9%&#xa0;(constant angle) to 3.1–5.3%, aligning closely with experimental data and modified LWE predictions. Oscillations around equilibrium heights, prevalent in constant-angle simulations, were significantly mitigated, though minor inertial effects persisted in wider cracks (e.g., 1&#xa0;mm). The VDCA framework also extended applicability across crack widths (0.261–1&#xa0;mm), offering flexibility beyond the TDCA model’s geometry-specific limitations. However, validation was restricted to water in planar cracks, highlighting the need for future parameterization of non-Newtonian agents (e.g., polymers) and complex crack geometries. This work advances capillary flow modeling in self-healing systems by emphasizing the necessity of dynamic wetting behavior, while underscoring the importance of substrate-fluid calibration for real-world implementation. </p>

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Improving capillary flow predictions in self-healing concrete: a dynamic contact angle approach using the volume of fluid model

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年7月13日

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  • Bao Fang Yip,
  • Erwan Hafizi Kasiman,
  • Zainal Abidin Ahmad Razin,
  • Cher Siang Tan,
  • Arizu Sulaiman

摘要

This study proposes an enhanced Volume of Fluid (VOF) model incorporating dynamic contact angle (DCA) effects to improve capillary flow predictions in encapsulation-based self-healing concrete. While the classical Lucas-Washburn equation (LWE) assumes a constant contact angle, leading to overestimations in capillary rise, this work integrates time-dependent (TDCA) and velocity-dependent (VDCA) DCA models to better capture interfacial dynamics at the meniscus. Simulations demonstrated that the VDCA model reduced mean absolute errors from 17.0 to 42.9% (constant angle) to 3.1–5.3%, aligning closely with experimental data and modified LWE predictions. Oscillations around equilibrium heights, prevalent in constant-angle simulations, were significantly mitigated, though minor inertial effects persisted in wider cracks (e.g., 1 mm). The VDCA framework also extended applicability across crack widths (0.261–1 mm), offering flexibility beyond the TDCA model’s geometry-specific limitations. However, validation was restricted to water in planar cracks, highlighting the need for future parameterization of non-Newtonian agents (e.g., polymers) and complex crack geometries. This work advances capillary flow modeling in self-healing systems by emphasizing the necessity of dynamic wetting behavior, while underscoring the importance of substrate-fluid calibration for real-world implementation.