Influential parameters on the seismic performance of confined masonry – a comprehensive review

Confined masonry (CM) is a construction method comprising load bearing masonry walls confined with nominally reinforced concrete (RC) elements at the periphery of walls and other critical building locations. Thanks to its economic feasibility and similar construction practices, it has evolved as a viable alternative to unreinforced masonry (URM) and non-engineered RC construction. CM has gained widespread acceptance in several countries vulnerable to seismic activity, and has also garnered increased attention in other regions due to its demonstrated efficacy during previous earthquakes. The purpose of the paper is to summarize past research studies on various factors influencing CM performance, such as aspect ratio, toothing, longitudinal reinforcement in tie-columns, openings and wall density. Also, the manuscript highlights the existing analytical and numerical techniques used to analyse the CM structures. The review identifies existing knowledge gaps and emphasizes the need for further research to better understand the response of CM structures to seismic forces. Based on the comprehensive review, it was observed that an alternative construction material, including autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC) blocks, fly ash bricks, and lightweight cellular concrete blocks, as potential substitutes for traditional clay bricks in CM construction. It was also observed that the confined masonry has the potential to enhance the seismic performance and resistance of buildings and is a promising construction method. However, more investigation is required to optimize the materials and connections used, as the stiffness of the elements is influenced by the mechanical properties of the materials, as well as their geometry and boundary conditions.