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<p>The discrete element method is widely used to simulate the seismic response of ancient masonry pagodas. However, the influence of rigid block size on the reliability of seismic damage prediction remains unclear. In this study, the effects of rigid block scale on the seismic response and damage evolution of ancient masonry pagodas are numerically investigated. A reduced-scale pagoda model validated through shaking table tests is adopted as the benchmark. Three discrete element models with block volume ratios of 1:1, 4:1, and 8:1 are established to simulate the dynamic response under seismic loading. The damage evolution processes are compared to evaluate the influence of the computational unit size on the seismic damage assessment. The results show that increasing the rigid block size leads to higher damage propagation rates and larger damaged areas. The computational time step increases with increasing block size, whereas the numerical accuracy decreases as the block size increases. A decision-oriented evaluation based on a utility function indicates that large-scale block models are suitable for capturing global collapse behaviour, small-scale block models effectively reproduce localized damage, and medium-scale block models achieve a favourable balance between accuracy and efficiency for seismic performance assessment. These findings provide practical guidance for selecting appropriate block scales in discrete element method-based seismic analyses of ancient masonry pagodas.</p>

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Seismic Response of Pagoda Considering Rigid Block Size Effects: A Discrete Element Study

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年8月4日

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  • Mingdong Li,
  • Junlong Lu,
  • Defa Wang,
  • Xiaoqin Wu,
  • Xin Jia,
  • Dongxu Mao,
  • Zuoyi Yun,
  • Zhenshan Wang

摘要

The discrete element method is widely used to simulate the seismic response of ancient masonry pagodas. However, the influence of rigid block size on the reliability of seismic damage prediction remains unclear. In this study, the effects of rigid block scale on the seismic response and damage evolution of ancient masonry pagodas are numerically investigated. A reduced-scale pagoda model validated through shaking table tests is adopted as the benchmark. Three discrete element models with block volume ratios of 1:1, 4:1, and 8:1 are established to simulate the dynamic response under seismic loading. The damage evolution processes are compared to evaluate the influence of the computational unit size on the seismic damage assessment. The results show that increasing the rigid block size leads to higher damage propagation rates and larger damaged areas. The computational time step increases with increasing block size, whereas the numerical accuracy decreases as the block size increases. A decision-oriented evaluation based on a utility function indicates that large-scale block models are suitable for capturing global collapse behaviour, small-scale block models effectively reproduce localized damage, and medium-scale block models achieve a favourable balance between accuracy and efficiency for seismic performance assessment. These findings provide practical guidance for selecting appropriate block scales in discrete element method-based seismic analyses of ancient masonry pagodas.