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<p>Limited investigations have evaluated the combined effect of triethanolamine (TEA) and triisopropanolamine (TIPA) on clinker grinding behavior, particle-size characteristics, and the performance of the finished cement. This paper assesses the limitations of these compounds when used separately at high dosage rates (0.05% and 0.1%) and highlights the benefits of their synergistic interaction in early-age cement hydration kinetics and strength development. The combined effects of TEA-TIPA blends prepared at different ratios were evaluated using 11 CEM I 42.5R cement samples ground to a Blaine fineness of 3900 ± 100&#xa0;cm²/g, including a control mixture without grinding aid addition. The mixtures were tested using isothermal calorimetry, X-Ray diffraction, thermogravimetry, scanning electron microscopy, setting time, air content, and early-age compressive strengths. Test results demonstrated that the separate use of TIPA at 0.1% effectively reduced particles larger than 45&#xa0;μm from 18% to 7.5%, but increased the air content from 4.6% to 6.8%, resulting in a 7% drop in the 1-day compressive strength. In contrast, the 0.05% TEA addition reduced the final setting time by 19%, yet caused a 7% decrease in the 3-day strength due to delayed silicate hydration. Blending TIPA with TEA mitigated these drawbacks, with 1-day strength increases ranging from 6% to 20% compared with the control mixture. Among the investigated mixtures, the blend containing 25% TEA and 75% TIPA showed the most favorable early-age performance. This mixture maintained a controlled air content, increased the 24-hour calcium hydroxide (CH) content by 9.1%, and improved the 1-day compressive strength by 20% compared with the control mixture.</p>

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Combined Effects of Triethanolamine and Triisopropanolamine Blends on Cement Hydration and Early-Age Strength

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月29日

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  • Yahya Kaya,
  • Veysel Kobya,
  • Murteda Unverdi,
  • Yunus Kaya,
  • Ali Mardani,
  • Joseph J. Assaad

摘要

Limited investigations have evaluated the combined effect of triethanolamine (TEA) and triisopropanolamine (TIPA) on clinker grinding behavior, particle-size characteristics, and the performance of the finished cement. This paper assesses the limitations of these compounds when used separately at high dosage rates (0.05% and 0.1%) and highlights the benefits of their synergistic interaction in early-age cement hydration kinetics and strength development. The combined effects of TEA-TIPA blends prepared at different ratios were evaluated using 11 CEM I 42.5R cement samples ground to a Blaine fineness of 3900 ± 100 cm²/g, including a control mixture without grinding aid addition. The mixtures were tested using isothermal calorimetry, X-Ray diffraction, thermogravimetry, scanning electron microscopy, setting time, air content, and early-age compressive strengths. Test results demonstrated that the separate use of TIPA at 0.1% effectively reduced particles larger than 45 μm from 18% to 7.5%, but increased the air content from 4.6% to 6.8%, resulting in a 7% drop in the 1-day compressive strength. In contrast, the 0.05% TEA addition reduced the final setting time by 19%, yet caused a 7% decrease in the 3-day strength due to delayed silicate hydration. Blending TIPA with TEA mitigated these drawbacks, with 1-day strength increases ranging from 6% to 20% compared with the control mixture. Among the investigated mixtures, the blend containing 25% TEA and 75% TIPA showed the most favorable early-age performance. This mixture maintained a controlled air content, increased the 24-hour calcium hydroxide (CH) content by 9.1%, and improved the 1-day compressive strength by 20% compared with the control mixture.