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<p>This study investigates the dynamic evolution and propagation characteristics of instantaneous dam-break waves through combined experimental and numerical analyses. A series of flume experiments were performed under dry, shallow, and deep downstream conditions to examine how downstream water depth influences surge propagation and flow morphology. Numerical simulations using the Arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian (ALE) method effectively reproduced the free-surface evolution and velocity distribution observed in the experiments. The results show that downstream water depth has a pronounced effect on both wavefront velocity and energy dissipation. Under identical upstream conditions, the surge-front velocity in the dry-bed case reached 2.283&#xa0;m/s, which is about 50–60% higher than that in the shallow and deep cases (1.51&#xa0;m/s and 1.42&#xa0;m/s, respectively). During the quasi-steady stage, the constant front velocity in the shallow-bed condition was nearly twice that in the deep-bed condition. Increasing the upstream surge depth from 4&#xa0;cm to 12&#xa0;cm enhanced the steady front velocity by 192.6% for a 2&#xa0;cm downstream layer, but by only 146.0% for a 14&#xa0;cm layer, indicating a 37.5% reduction in acceleration efficiency as downstream depth increases. Distinct flow features were also identified: a sharp crest in the dry bed, a “water tongue” structure in the shallow bed, and a “mushroom-shaped” jet in the deep bed. These findings provide quantitative evidence that increasing downstream water depth not only reduces surge energy but also alters the dominant deformation and mixing mechanisms, offering valuable insights for flood risk evaluation and dam-break hazard mitigation.</p>

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Experimental and Numerical Investigation of Instantaneous Dam-Break Waves Under Variable Downstream Conditions

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月11日

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  • Shida Zhao,
  • Changrong Yao,
  • Wencong Zhang,
  • Yongfa Zhu,
  • Xun Zhou,
  • Bin Qiang,
  • Qiaochao Liu

摘要

This study investigates the dynamic evolution and propagation characteristics of instantaneous dam-break waves through combined experimental and numerical analyses. A series of flume experiments were performed under dry, shallow, and deep downstream conditions to examine how downstream water depth influences surge propagation and flow morphology. Numerical simulations using the Arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian (ALE) method effectively reproduced the free-surface evolution and velocity distribution observed in the experiments. The results show that downstream water depth has a pronounced effect on both wavefront velocity and energy dissipation. Under identical upstream conditions, the surge-front velocity in the dry-bed case reached 2.283 m/s, which is about 50–60% higher than that in the shallow and deep cases (1.51 m/s and 1.42 m/s, respectively). During the quasi-steady stage, the constant front velocity in the shallow-bed condition was nearly twice that in the deep-bed condition. Increasing the upstream surge depth from 4 cm to 12 cm enhanced the steady front velocity by 192.6% for a 2 cm downstream layer, but by only 146.0% for a 14 cm layer, indicating a 37.5% reduction in acceleration efficiency as downstream depth increases. Distinct flow features were also identified: a sharp crest in the dry bed, a “water tongue” structure in the shallow bed, and a “mushroom-shaped” jet in the deep bed. These findings provide quantitative evidence that increasing downstream water depth not only reduces surge energy but also alters the dominant deformation and mixing mechanisms, offering valuable insights for flood risk evaluation and dam-break hazard mitigation.