<p>Basalt textile-reinforced concrete (BTRC) has emerged as a promising technology for strengthening fire-damaged reinforced concrete (RC) structures. This study investigates the impact of BTRC reinforcement on the flexural properties of RC beams exposed to varying temperatures (20 °C, 150 °C, 350 °C, and 550 °C) and different BTRC configurations (unreinforced, one layer, and three layers) through four-point bending tests. The results showed that elevated temperatures worsen RC beam deformation and crack initiation, while BTRC—particularly with three layers—enhances resistance to cracking. The bending damage pattern remained consistent across temperatures, but additional reinforcement layers increased susceptibility to brittle damage. BTRC improved the ultimate flexural capacity by fortifying the tensile zone, particularly at temperatures exceeding 350 °C, although with a trade-off in ductility, which is notably evident with three layers. Compared to the bearing capacity of the unreinforced test beams, the load-carrying capacity of the test beams with one layer of BTRC increased by 12.1%, 10.4%, 3.2%, and 7.7% after exposure to 20 °C, 150 °C, 350 °C, and 550 °C, respectively. In contrast, the load-carrying capacity of the test beams with three layers of BTRC increased by 18.2%, 20.2%, 26.1%, and 24.5%, respectively. These findings highlight the potential of BTRC reinforcement to enhance structural integrity after fire exposure. Based on the experimental results, it is recommended to consider incorporating BTRC reinforcement into design and repair standards for fire-damaged structures to enhance fire resistance and long-term stability, particularly under high-temperature conditions. This study provides references for the application of BTRC reinforcement in practical projects.</p>