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<p>Paint manufacturing wastewater contains hazardous heavy metals such as Zn (II) and Cr (VI), posing serious environmental and health risks. This study evaluates two sustainable green adsorbents, chitosan (CS) derived from prawn and crab shell waste and kenaf core powder (KNF) from agricultural biomass, for heavy metal removal from synthetic and industrial wastewater. A direct-use powdered adsorbent approach was introduced, eliminating conventional bead formation and chemical crosslinking, thereby reducing preparation time, operational complexity, and production cost while improving scalability. Adsorption performance was evaluated under varying pH, dosage, and contact time, while FESEM, FTIR, and XRD analyses were conducted to characterize the adsorbents. Characterization results confirmed abundant functional groups, surface morphological changes after adsorption, and highly amorphous structures that enhanced adsorption efficiency. Optimal conditions were achieved at pH 7, 3.0&#xa0;g/L dosage, and 60&#xa0;min contact time. Under these conditions, KNF achieved removal efficiencies of 95.17% for Zn (II) and 98.98% for Cr (VI) in synthetic wastewater, and 86.48% and 97.23% in industrial wastewater, respectively, while CS demonstrated comparable performance. Adsorption kinetics were best described by the pseudo-second-order model (R<sup>2</sup> ≈ 0.999). Furthermore, the equilibrium data was best fitted to the Langmuir isotherm model (R<sup>2</sup> &gt; 0.97), indicating dominant monolayer chemisorption with theoretical maximum adsorption capacities (<InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\({q}_{max}\)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation>) for synthetic and industrial wastewater ranging from 28.82 to 30.40&#xa0;mg/g for Zn (II) and 12.35 to 19.92&#xa0;mg/g for Cr (VI) using KNF, while CS exhibited capacities ranging from 25.77 to 32.89&#xa0;mg/g for Zn (II) and 12.38 to 20.41&#xa0;mg/g for Cr (VI). Overall, this study demonstrates a practical waste-to-wealth strategy that converts seafood and agricultural waste into low-cost, environmentally friendly adsorbents for scalable industrial wastewater treatment, supporting SDG 6 and SDG 14.</p>

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A Waste-to-Wealth Approach: Green Adsorbents via Waste Valorization for Heavy Metal Removal in Paint Industry Wastewater

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月26日

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  • Ratna Humaira’ Zafirah Mohamad,
  • Tay Chia Chay,
  • Muhammad Izzat Nor Ma’arof,
  • Nurhidayah Hamzah,
  • Yamaguchi Takashi,
  • Nurul Fariha Lokman

摘要

Paint manufacturing wastewater contains hazardous heavy metals such as Zn (II) and Cr (VI), posing serious environmental and health risks. This study evaluates two sustainable green adsorbents, chitosan (CS) derived from prawn and crab shell waste and kenaf core powder (KNF) from agricultural biomass, for heavy metal removal from synthetic and industrial wastewater. A direct-use powdered adsorbent approach was introduced, eliminating conventional bead formation and chemical crosslinking, thereby reducing preparation time, operational complexity, and production cost while improving scalability. Adsorption performance was evaluated under varying pH, dosage, and contact time, while FESEM, FTIR, and XRD analyses were conducted to characterize the adsorbents. Characterization results confirmed abundant functional groups, surface morphological changes after adsorption, and highly amorphous structures that enhanced adsorption efficiency. Optimal conditions were achieved at pH 7, 3.0 g/L dosage, and 60 min contact time. Under these conditions, KNF achieved removal efficiencies of 95.17% for Zn (II) and 98.98% for Cr (VI) in synthetic wastewater, and 86.48% and 97.23% in industrial wastewater, respectively, while CS demonstrated comparable performance. Adsorption kinetics were best described by the pseudo-second-order model (R2 ≈ 0.999). Furthermore, the equilibrium data was best fitted to the Langmuir isotherm model (R2 > 0.97), indicating dominant monolayer chemisorption with theoretical maximum adsorption capacities ( \({q}_{max}\) ) for synthetic and industrial wastewater ranging from 28.82 to 30.40 mg/g for Zn (II) and 12.35 to 19.92 mg/g for Cr (VI) using KNF, while CS exhibited capacities ranging from 25.77 to 32.89 mg/g for Zn (II) and 12.38 to 20.41 mg/g for Cr (VI). Overall, this study demonstrates a practical waste-to-wealth strategy that converts seafood and agricultural waste into low-cost, environmentally friendly adsorbents for scalable industrial wastewater treatment, supporting SDG 6 and SDG 14.