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<p>Durability is a critical performance indicator for sustainable concrete in aggressive environments. In this context, this study investigates the optimization and durability enhancement of Self-Compacting Geopolymer Concrete (SCGC), which incorporates fly ash, ultrafine ground granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBS), and silica fume (SF) as cement-free binders. To achieve this, a multi-objective optimization framework uses Response Surface Methodology (RSM) to improve five key durability indicators: water absorption, sorptivity, acid resistance, sulphate resistance, and rapid chloride permeability, while also maintaining mechanical performance and cost efficiency. The optimized SCGC mix achieved a compressive strength of 45.7&#xa0;MPa, water absorption of 2.31%, sorptivity of 0.08&#xa0;mm at 180&#xa0;s, and a charge passed of 996 C (ASTM C1202 “very low” permeability). Moreover, strength retention under acid and sulphate attack remained above 92%, confirming superior chemical resistance. Compared with conventional concrete, the optimised mix reduced chloride permeability by 69% and water absorption by 39%, demonstrating the effectiveness of binder synergy and controlled activator molarity in refining pore structure. Cost analysis also confirmed economic feasibility, and embodied carbon assessment indicated up to 80% reduction in CO₂ emissions relative to Portland cement systems. Collectively, the integration of performance, durability, cost, and sustainability establishes a practical pathway for deploying SCGC in coastal, industrial, and sulphate-rich environments, thus contributing to resilient and low-carbon infrastructure.</p>

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Multi-Objective Optimization and Durability Enhancement of Self-Compacting Geopolymer Concrete Using Industrial By-Products

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月26日

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  • M. Amala,
  • M. Hazeen Fathima,
  • R. Vignesh,
  • S. Karuppasamy,
  • C. Umarani

摘要

Durability is a critical performance indicator for sustainable concrete in aggressive environments. In this context, this study investigates the optimization and durability enhancement of Self-Compacting Geopolymer Concrete (SCGC), which incorporates fly ash, ultrafine ground granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBS), and silica fume (SF) as cement-free binders. To achieve this, a multi-objective optimization framework uses Response Surface Methodology (RSM) to improve five key durability indicators: water absorption, sorptivity, acid resistance, sulphate resistance, and rapid chloride permeability, while also maintaining mechanical performance and cost efficiency. The optimized SCGC mix achieved a compressive strength of 45.7 MPa, water absorption of 2.31%, sorptivity of 0.08 mm at 180 s, and a charge passed of 996 C (ASTM C1202 “very low” permeability). Moreover, strength retention under acid and sulphate attack remained above 92%, confirming superior chemical resistance. Compared with conventional concrete, the optimised mix reduced chloride permeability by 69% and water absorption by 39%, demonstrating the effectiveness of binder synergy and controlled activator molarity in refining pore structure. Cost analysis also confirmed economic feasibility, and embodied carbon assessment indicated up to 80% reduction in CO₂ emissions relative to Portland cement systems. Collectively, the integration of performance, durability, cost, and sustainability establishes a practical pathway for deploying SCGC in coastal, industrial, and sulphate-rich environments, thus contributing to resilient and low-carbon infrastructure.