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<p>Cement industry produces over 8% of global carbon emissions due to its energy-consumption process and dependence on geological resources. To overcome this challenge, this research explores volcanic mud (VM) and kaolinite (KA), naturally occurring underexplored materials source from Andaman Islands, otherwise treated as waste, as sustainable alternative cement in mortar. In total 22 mix combinations were prepared by partially replacing cement with VM (10–100%) and KA at 2% and 5%, including a control mix (CM). Mechanical properties including compressive, flexural, and split tensile strengths were examined at 14, 28, and 56 days, while durability analysis were executed on 56-day cured specimens. To examine phase composition and morphological features, SEM analyses was performed on 28-days cured specimens. Among all mixes, M11 achieved highest compressive strength (16.30&#xa0;MPa) and durability, exceeding the CM (15.76&#xa0;MPa), while M13 attained lower strength (11.59&#xa0;MPa) within the acceptable limit as specified in IS 2250:1981. Beyond M3 and M13 (30% replacement), the drop in strength and rise in water absorption was observed due to the decreased binder reactivity and matrix compactness. An Artificial Neural Network (ANN) model developed in MATLAB predicted compressive strength (R²=0.99492, RMSE = 0.55&#xa0;MPa) accurately. PM3.1 recorded the highest compressive strength (16.55&#xa0;MPa) among all the predicted combinations. The predicted mix were experimentally validated, obtained lower deviation in strength below 9.9%, substantiating the model’s reliability. Overall results confirm VM and KA as feasible cementitious material capable of providing high-performance and low-carbon mortar that can be seamlessly incorporated into the existing construction practices.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Exploring Sustainable Mortars Using Dual Natural Pozzolans: Experimental Mechanistic and ANN-Based Compressive Strength Optimization with Experimental Validation

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月24日

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  • Swaswati Roy,
  • S. Kanmani

摘要

Cement industry produces over 8% of global carbon emissions due to its energy-consumption process and dependence on geological resources. To overcome this challenge, this research explores volcanic mud (VM) and kaolinite (KA), naturally occurring underexplored materials source from Andaman Islands, otherwise treated as waste, as sustainable alternative cement in mortar. In total 22 mix combinations were prepared by partially replacing cement with VM (10–100%) and KA at 2% and 5%, including a control mix (CM). Mechanical properties including compressive, flexural, and split tensile strengths were examined at 14, 28, and 56 days, while durability analysis were executed on 56-day cured specimens. To examine phase composition and morphological features, SEM analyses was performed on 28-days cured specimens. Among all mixes, M11 achieved highest compressive strength (16.30 MPa) and durability, exceeding the CM (15.76 MPa), while M13 attained lower strength (11.59 MPa) within the acceptable limit as specified in IS 2250:1981. Beyond M3 and M13 (30% replacement), the drop in strength and rise in water absorption was observed due to the decreased binder reactivity and matrix compactness. An Artificial Neural Network (ANN) model developed in MATLAB predicted compressive strength (R²=0.99492, RMSE = 0.55 MPa) accurately. PM3.1 recorded the highest compressive strength (16.55 MPa) among all the predicted combinations. The predicted mix were experimentally validated, obtained lower deviation in strength below 9.9%, substantiating the model’s reliability. Overall results confirm VM and KA as feasible cementitious material capable of providing high-performance and low-carbon mortar that can be seamlessly incorporated into the existing construction practices.

Graphical Abstract