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<p>This study investigates the development of self-compacting concrete (SCC) by incorporating nano concrete aggregate (NACA) as a sustainable alternative to conventional coarse aggregate and silica fume (SF) as a supplementary cementitious material, aiming to improve both fresh-state workability and mechanical performance. An experimental program was designed to investigate the influence of varying NACA and SF contents. Fresh properties such as slump flow, T500 time, V-funnel, J-ring, and L-box ratios were evaluated in accordance with EFNARC guidelines, while mechanical performance was assessed through compressive, split tensile, and flexural strength tests. To optimize the mix proportion and enhance the mechanical properties, Response Surface Methodology (RSM) coupled with Central Composite Design (CCD) was applied for statistical optimization. Results showed that NACA–SF blends met EFNARC requirements while significantly enhancing strength. The optimized mix achieved compressive, tensile, and flexural strengths of 55.9, 4.86, and 7.08&#xa0;MPa, respectively. Response surface analysis further revealed that mixes containing 40–70% NACA and 10–12% SF provided the highest performance, while ramp optimization identified the optimal combination of 80.143% NACA and 11.473% SF. Statistical models demonstrated excellent predictive accuracy with R<sup>2</sup> values exceeding 0.95, validated by diagnostic plots confirming robustness. Ramp optimization confirmed the optimal mix with a desirability value close to 1.0, indicating balanced performance across fresh and hardened states. Overall, the findings highlight the potential of NACA–SF synergy to produce high-performance, sustainable SCC, offering a novel pathway for reducing natural aggregate dependence and advancing eco-efficient concrete technologies.</p>

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Sustainable Development and Response Surface Methodology-Based Optimization of Self-Compacting Concrete Incorporating Innovative Nano Concrete Aggregate and Silica Fume

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年11月19日

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  • Lokesh Chowdary,
  • Krishna Rao Boddepalli

摘要

This study investigates the development of self-compacting concrete (SCC) by incorporating nano concrete aggregate (NACA) as a sustainable alternative to conventional coarse aggregate and silica fume (SF) as a supplementary cementitious material, aiming to improve both fresh-state workability and mechanical performance. An experimental program was designed to investigate the influence of varying NACA and SF contents. Fresh properties such as slump flow, T500 time, V-funnel, J-ring, and L-box ratios were evaluated in accordance with EFNARC guidelines, while mechanical performance was assessed through compressive, split tensile, and flexural strength tests. To optimize the mix proportion and enhance the mechanical properties, Response Surface Methodology (RSM) coupled with Central Composite Design (CCD) was applied for statistical optimization. Results showed that NACA–SF blends met EFNARC requirements while significantly enhancing strength. The optimized mix achieved compressive, tensile, and flexural strengths of 55.9, 4.86, and 7.08 MPa, respectively. Response surface analysis further revealed that mixes containing 40–70% NACA and 10–12% SF provided the highest performance, while ramp optimization identified the optimal combination of 80.143% NACA and 11.473% SF. Statistical models demonstrated excellent predictive accuracy with R2 values exceeding 0.95, validated by diagnostic plots confirming robustness. Ramp optimization confirmed the optimal mix with a desirability value close to 1.0, indicating balanced performance across fresh and hardened states. Overall, the findings highlight the potential of NACA–SF synergy to produce high-performance, sustainable SCC, offering a novel pathway for reducing natural aggregate dependence and advancing eco-efficient concrete technologies.