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<p>Limestone calcined clay cement (LC3) is an innovative cement formulation including Portland cement, calcined clay, and limestone. In comparison to conventional cement clinker, LC3 decreases carbon emissions by as much as 40%, representing a viable solution for the cement sector to achieve its sustainability goals. Recent research highlights LC3’s potential in reducing the environmental impact of concrete production while maintaining or even enhancing key performance attributes such as strength, workability, and durability. Given its economic and ecological benefits, LC3 is gaining increasing attention in the construction industry and is expected to play a crucial role in sustainable cement production. This paper presents a comprehensive state-of-the-art review on LC3. It begins with an introduction to LC3 and its role in reducing carbon emissions. The subsequent sections explore the chemistry of LC3, including its hydration process and material characterization. The fresh properties, compatibility with chemical admixtures, mechanical performance, and durability aspects of LC3 concrete are also examined. Additionally, recent advanced studies on LC3 are discussed, followed by an evaluation of its economic and environmental advantages. The paper concludes with recommendations for future research directions. </p>

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State-of-the-art Review on Limestone Calcined Clay Cement (LC3) and its Recent Advances

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年5月7日

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  • V Renuka,
  • Sarella Venkateswara Rao,
  • Tezeswi Tadepalli

摘要

Limestone calcined clay cement (LC3) is an innovative cement formulation including Portland cement, calcined clay, and limestone. In comparison to conventional cement clinker, LC3 decreases carbon emissions by as much as 40%, representing a viable solution for the cement sector to achieve its sustainability goals. Recent research highlights LC3’s potential in reducing the environmental impact of concrete production while maintaining or even enhancing key performance attributes such as strength, workability, and durability. Given its economic and ecological benefits, LC3 is gaining increasing attention in the construction industry and is expected to play a crucial role in sustainable cement production. This paper presents a comprehensive state-of-the-art review on LC3. It begins with an introduction to LC3 and its role in reducing carbon emissions. The subsequent sections explore the chemistry of LC3, including its hydration process and material characterization. The fresh properties, compatibility with chemical admixtures, mechanical performance, and durability aspects of LC3 concrete are also examined. Additionally, recent advanced studies on LC3 are discussed, followed by an evaluation of its economic and environmental advantages. The paper concludes with recommendations for future research directions.