Efficiency Assessment of TiO₂-Based Photocatalytic Concrete for Clean and Sustainable Construction: A State-of-the-Art Review

Air pollution, driven by nitric oxide (NOx) and sulphur oxide (SOx) emissions from heavy traffic and industries, poses global environmental and public health challenges. Titanium dioxide (TiO₂) in concrete, harnessing its photocatalytic action under ultraviolet (UV) radiation, emerges as a promising solution for addressing air pollution and achieving sustainable construction practices. It is imperative to comprehend the efficiency factors to ensure the effective implementation of photocatalytic concrete in real-world applications. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the factors influencing the efficiency of photocatalytic concrete including environmental conditions, TiO₂ characteristics, and operational parameters. Additionally, challenges related to long-term performance, environmental impact, and economic viability are discussed. Future research directions and potential solutions to overcome these challenges are also highlighted. Overall, this review offers valuable insights into the current state of photocatalytic concrete technology, its limitations, and the opportunities for its advancement in sustainable construction practices.