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<p><i>Achillea millefolium</i> L. is a highly valuable plant with various secondary metabolites such as saponins, terpenes, and triterpenoids with medicinal properties. In this study, the impact of copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO-NPs) as an elicitor on the production of secondary metabolites and squalene synthase gene expression in <i>A. millefolium</i> L. was examined. CuO-NPs were synthesized using the aqueous extract of dried flowers and were characterized as spherical (5–10&#xa0;nm in diameter) with an amorphous structure. These NPs were added to the growth media at varying concentrations. Results showed that higher CuO-NPs concentrations at 25 and 100&#xa0;mg/L reduced germination, plant weight, root number, and phenolic content, while chlorophyll and carotenoid contents remained unchanged. Additionally, malondialdehyde (MDA) content in <i>A. millefolium</i> treated with 0.25 and 10&#xa0;mg/L of CuO-NPs increased compared to the control. These findings underscore the potential of CuO-NPs to modulate the production of plant metabolites. Total saponin and the flavonoid contents of the treated seedlings significantly increased with application of a concentration of 2.5&#xa0;mg/L and 10&#xa0;mg/L of CuO-NPs, respectively. Gene expression analysis of the <i>sqs</i> revealed that treatment of the seedling with CuO-NPs at concentrations of 0.25 to 25&#xa0;mg/L did not a significantly effect on the <i>sqs</i> expression compared to the control plants. In contrast, high concentration of CuO-NPs at 100&#xa0;mg/L resulted in a decrease in gene expression, indicating toxic effects.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Green Synthesis of CuO Nanoparticle: Unraveling its Influence on Morphological, Physiological Traits, and Squalene Synthase Gene Expression in Achillea millefolium L.

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月18日

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  • Zahra Moezzi Moghaddam,
  • Azra Saboora,
  • Parinaz Ghadam,
  • Ezat Asgarani

摘要

Achillea millefolium L. is a highly valuable plant with various secondary metabolites such as saponins, terpenes, and triterpenoids with medicinal properties. In this study, the impact of copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO-NPs) as an elicitor on the production of secondary metabolites and squalene synthase gene expression in A. millefolium L. was examined. CuO-NPs were synthesized using the aqueous extract of dried flowers and were characterized as spherical (5–10 nm in diameter) with an amorphous structure. These NPs were added to the growth media at varying concentrations. Results showed that higher CuO-NPs concentrations at 25 and 100 mg/L reduced germination, plant weight, root number, and phenolic content, while chlorophyll and carotenoid contents remained unchanged. Additionally, malondialdehyde (MDA) content in A. millefolium treated with 0.25 and 10 mg/L of CuO-NPs increased compared to the control. These findings underscore the potential of CuO-NPs to modulate the production of plant metabolites. Total saponin and the flavonoid contents of the treated seedlings significantly increased with application of a concentration of 2.5 mg/L and 10 mg/L of CuO-NPs, respectively. Gene expression analysis of the sqs revealed that treatment of the seedling with CuO-NPs at concentrations of 0.25 to 25 mg/L did not a significantly effect on the sqs expression compared to the control plants. In contrast, high concentration of CuO-NPs at 100 mg/L resulted in a decrease in gene expression, indicating toxic effects.

Graphical Abstract