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<p>Phenanthrene (PHE) toxicity mechanisms in crop plants need clarification to understand the potential impacts of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) contamination in agricultural systems. We examined morphological, physiological, and biochemical responses of tomato (<i>Solanum lycopersicum</i> L. cv. Kimono F1) to direct PHE exposure (0–20&#xa0;μM applied to stems) in organically fertilised plants across two growing seasons (dry and rainy). This controlled toxicology approach allowed assessment of PHE effects independent of soil buffering mechanisms. PHE exposure caused significant, dose-dependent reductions in chlorophyll a content (15–25%, <i>p</i> &lt; 0.05), fruit weight (32% at 20&#xa0;μM), plant width (18%), and height (23%) compared to controls. Biochemical analyses revealed heightened defensive responses, including an increase in total phenolic content from 58.85 ± 3.2 to 75.93 ± 4.1&#xa0;mg GAE/g FW at 20&#xa0;μM PHE (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.001, 29% increase). Lipid peroxidation rose markedly with PHE concentration (78% increase, <i>p</i> &lt; 0.01), while DPPH radical scavenging activity decreased by 28% at maximum concentration. Nitric oxide production showed a strong positive correlation with PHE exposure (r = 0.89, <i>p</i> &lt; 0.001), indicating activation of NO-mediated stress signalling pathways. Seasonal analyses demonstrated greater plant resilience during the rainy season compared to the dry season, suggesting environmental modulation of stress tolerance mechanisms. Overall, this study provides foundational baseline data on direct PHE toxicity mechanisms in an economically important crop, establishing upper-bound impact estimates and informing the design of future soil-based and field-scale PAH contamination investigations.</p>

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Phenanthrene Toxicity in Tomato: Physiological and Biochemical Responses Under Direct Stem Application in Organically Fertilized Plants

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月22日

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  • M. A. Ganiyu,
  • K. S. Abass,
  • I. I. Oguntimehin

摘要

Phenanthrene (PHE) toxicity mechanisms in crop plants need clarification to understand the potential impacts of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) contamination in agricultural systems. We examined morphological, physiological, and biochemical responses of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L. cv. Kimono F1) to direct PHE exposure (0–20 μM applied to stems) in organically fertilised plants across two growing seasons (dry and rainy). This controlled toxicology approach allowed assessment of PHE effects independent of soil buffering mechanisms. PHE exposure caused significant, dose-dependent reductions in chlorophyll a content (15–25%, p < 0.05), fruit weight (32% at 20 μM), plant width (18%), and height (23%) compared to controls. Biochemical analyses revealed heightened defensive responses, including an increase in total phenolic content from 58.85 ± 3.2 to 75.93 ± 4.1 mg GAE/g FW at 20 μM PHE (p < 0.001, 29% increase). Lipid peroxidation rose markedly with PHE concentration (78% increase, p < 0.01), while DPPH radical scavenging activity decreased by 28% at maximum concentration. Nitric oxide production showed a strong positive correlation with PHE exposure (r = 0.89, p < 0.001), indicating activation of NO-mediated stress signalling pathways. Seasonal analyses demonstrated greater plant resilience during the rainy season compared to the dry season, suggesting environmental modulation of stress tolerance mechanisms. Overall, this study provides foundational baseline data on direct PHE toxicity mechanisms in an economically important crop, establishing upper-bound impact estimates and informing the design of future soil-based and field-scale PAH contamination investigations.