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<p>Zinc (Zn) deficiency in alkaline calcareous soils critically limits wheat productivity and grain nutritional quality, highlighting the urgent need for effective Zn fertilization strategies. The objective of this research evaluated different Zn application techniques to assess their effects on wheat growth together with Zn accessibility in Zinc deficient soil conditions. The field experiments were conducted at experimental area of the Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology, applying Zn through foliar spray (0.5% solution, FZ), seed coating (1% Zn, SC), zinc-coated urea, soil application (15&#xa0;kg&#xa0;ha<sup>−1</sup>, SZ), and a combined soil and foliar approach (15&#xa0;kg&#xa0;ha<sup>−1</sup> soil Zn + 0.5% foliar spray, SFZ). ZnSO<sub>4</sub>·7H<sub>2</sub>O was used as source of Zn. Treatments were integrated with di-ammonium phosphate (DAP) or phosphoric acid (PA) fertilizers in a three-replication, randomized complete block design. Foliar Zn was applied at the time of grain-filling and booting stages, and at the recommended rates, other fertilizers were applied. Key findings revealed that the combined soil and foliar Zn application (SFZ) led to the highest improvements in wheat grain yield (26.1–32.5% increase over control) and significantly enhanced Zn bioavailability, as evidenced by a reduced phytate-to-Zn ratio (PZR) of 67.8%, followed by 34% decrease with soil-only Zn application. Phosphoric acid reduces the Zn uptake in the grain compared to the DAP plot, while SFZ application improved the Zn uptake in the wheat grain up to 151.3% under PA-supplemented plots as compared to control. Similarly, phytate contents increased (57.8%) promisingly in the wheat grains grown under PA-treated plots which were fortified with SFZ. The combination of Zn fertilizer applications as both soil treatment and foliage application resulted in superior wheat growth, yield and Zn availability by decreasing grain PZR levels beyond single soil fertilizer applications. These results suggest that integrating soil and foliar Zn applications is essential for achieving optimal wheat growth and grain Zn concentration. Furthermore, PA treatment along with SFZ exhibited more promising yield and quality attributes in Faisalabad-2008. Commercially, this approach can improve grain nutritional value, addressing Zn deficiency in human diets, while environmentally, it offers a sustainable solution for enhancing Zn efficiency in nutrient-poor soils.</p>

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Integrating Zinc Application Techniques to Enhance Wheat Biofortification Under Phosphorus-Amended Calcareous Soil Conditions

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月24日

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  • Muhammad Imran Tipu,
  • Muhammad Akhtar,
  • Muhammad Faisal Maqsood,
  • Fozia Farhat,
  • Nadeem Sarwar,
  • Muhammad Jamil,
  • Sana Rasheed,
  • Fatima Muneer

摘要

Zinc (Zn) deficiency in alkaline calcareous soils critically limits wheat productivity and grain nutritional quality, highlighting the urgent need for effective Zn fertilization strategies. The objective of this research evaluated different Zn application techniques to assess their effects on wheat growth together with Zn accessibility in Zinc deficient soil conditions. The field experiments were conducted at experimental area of the Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology, applying Zn through foliar spray (0.5% solution, FZ), seed coating (1% Zn, SC), zinc-coated urea, soil application (15 kg ha−1, SZ), and a combined soil and foliar approach (15 kg ha−1 soil Zn + 0.5% foliar spray, SFZ). ZnSO4·7H2O was used as source of Zn. Treatments were integrated with di-ammonium phosphate (DAP) or phosphoric acid (PA) fertilizers in a three-replication, randomized complete block design. Foliar Zn was applied at the time of grain-filling and booting stages, and at the recommended rates, other fertilizers were applied. Key findings revealed that the combined soil and foliar Zn application (SFZ) led to the highest improvements in wheat grain yield (26.1–32.5% increase over control) and significantly enhanced Zn bioavailability, as evidenced by a reduced phytate-to-Zn ratio (PZR) of 67.8%, followed by 34% decrease with soil-only Zn application. Phosphoric acid reduces the Zn uptake in the grain compared to the DAP plot, while SFZ application improved the Zn uptake in the wheat grain up to 151.3% under PA-supplemented plots as compared to control. Similarly, phytate contents increased (57.8%) promisingly in the wheat grains grown under PA-treated plots which were fortified with SFZ. The combination of Zn fertilizer applications as both soil treatment and foliage application resulted in superior wheat growth, yield and Zn availability by decreasing grain PZR levels beyond single soil fertilizer applications. These results suggest that integrating soil and foliar Zn applications is essential for achieving optimal wheat growth and grain Zn concentration. Furthermore, PA treatment along with SFZ exhibited more promising yield and quality attributes in Faisalabad-2008. Commercially, this approach can improve grain nutritional value, addressing Zn deficiency in human diets, while environmentally, it offers a sustainable solution for enhancing Zn efficiency in nutrient-poor soils.