<p>Although poly(Ɛ-caprolactone) (PCL) fibers have been investigated for bone tissue engineering application, no electrospinning studies have been reported using eggshell-derived HA nanorods modified with 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) as reinforcement phase and PCL matrix. Therefore, the aim of this work was to prepare a nanofibrous composite scaffold with some improved mechanical, biological, and structural properties using easy and low-cost electrospinning technique. According to the results, morphology of nanocomposites was uniform nanofibrous texture without any remarkable bead with good distribution of rod-like nanoparticles in the substrate. Assessment of the mechanical characteristics revealed that addition of 20 wt.% modified nanorods (si-HA) to PCL manufactured composite nanofiber with higher tensile strength and Young’s modulus compared to the neat scaffold. In addition, the biodegradability and bioactivity characteristics of the prepared nanofibers can be adjusted using the filler concentration. In vitro studies did not show a significant difference in the proliferation and adhesion of MG-63 cells on the PCL/si-HA20 nanocomposite compared to pure PCL scaffold due to the encapsulation of si-HA nanorods into the fibers. In general, the PCL nanocomposite scaffolds of this study can be promising candidates for bone regeneration owing to their mimicry of extracellular matrix and enhanced stiffness and bioactivity.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>