<p>We study the Diophantine equation <Equation ID="Equ19"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(n^h(x_1 + \ldots + x_n) = x_1 x_2 \cdots x_n,\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math display="block"> <mrow> <msup> <mi>n</mi> <mi>h</mi> </msup> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msub> <mi>x</mi> <mn>1</mn> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <mo>…</mo> <mo>+</mo> <msub> <mi>x</mi> <mi>n</mi> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi>x</mi> <mn>1</mn> </msub> <msub> <mi>x</mi> <mn>2</mn> </msub> <mo>⋯</mo> <msub> <mi>x</mi> <mi>n</mi> </msub> <mo>,</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </Equation>where <InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(h \in \mathbb {Z}_{\ge 0}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>h</mi> <mo>∈</mo> <msub> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">Z</mi> <mrow> <mo>≥</mo> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, and <InlineEquation ID="IEq2"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(x_1 \le \ldots \le x_n \in \mathbb {Z}^+\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msub> <mi>x</mi> <mn>1</mn> </msub> <mo>≤</mo> <mo>…</mo> <mo>≤</mo> <msub> <mi>x</mi> <mi>n</mi> </msub> <mo>∈</mo> <msup> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">Z</mi> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> </msup> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>. We define the solution set <i>ELE</i>(<i>h</i>,&#xa0;<i>n</i>) consisting of all such integer tuples. We derive bounds on <InlineEquation ID="IEq3"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(x_n\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msub> <mi>x</mi> <mi>n</mi> </msub> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> and <InlineEquation ID="IEq4"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(x_{n-1}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msub> <mi>x</mi> <mrow> <mi>n</mi> <mo>-</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> in <i>ELE</i>(<i>h</i>,&#xa0;<i>n</i>). We prove that <InlineEquation ID="IEq5"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(x_1 \cdot \ldots \cdot x_n \le n^h(n^h + 1)(n^h + n - 1)\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msub> <mi>x</mi> <mn>1</mn> </msub> <mo>·</mo> <mo>…</mo> <mo>·</mo> <msub> <mi>x</mi> <mi>n</mi> </msub> <mo>≤</mo> <msup> <mi>n</mi> <mi>h</mi> </msup> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msup> <mi>n</mi> <mi>h</mi> </msup> <mo>+</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msup> <mi>n</mi> <mi>h</mi> </msup> <mo>+</mo> <mi>n</mi> <mo>-</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>. We also show that for <InlineEquation ID="IEq6"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(h = 1\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>h</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, <InlineEquation ID="IEq7"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(x_{n-1} \le n + \max _{d \mid 2n^2 - 2n,\, d \le \sqrt{2n^2 - 2n}} d\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msub> <mi>x</mi> <mrow> <mi>n</mi> <mo>-</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>≤</mo> <mi>n</mi> <mo>+</mo> <msub> <mo movablelimits="true">max</mo> <mrow> <mi>d</mi> <mo>∣</mo> <mn>2</mn> <msup> <mi>n</mi> <mn>2</mn> </msup> <mo>-</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mi>n</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mspace width="0.166667em" /> <mi>d</mi> <mo>≤</mo> <msqrt> <mrow> <mn>2</mn> <msup> <mi>n</mi> <mn>2</mn> </msup> <mo>-</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mi>n</mi> </mrow> </msqrt> </mrow> </msub> <mi>d</mi> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, and for <InlineEquation ID="IEq8"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(h \ge 2\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>h</mi> <mo>≥</mo> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, the inequality <InlineEquation ID="IEq9"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(x_{n-1} \le 2n^h\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msub> <mi>x</mi> <mrow> <mi>n</mi> <mo>-</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>≤</mo> <mn>2</mn> <msup> <mi>n</mi> <mi>h</mi> </msup> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> holds in <i>ELE</i>(<i>h</i>,&#xa0;<i>n</i>). Moreover, we study the minimal value <i>g</i>(<i>h</i>,&#xa0;<i>n</i>) of the largest coordinate <InlineEquation ID="IEq10"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(x_n\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msub> <mi>x</mi> <mi>n</mi> </msub> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, and define <InlineEquation ID="IEq11"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(g(h) = \min _{n \ge 2} g(h,n)\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>g</mi> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>h</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mo movablelimits="true">min</mo> <mrow> <mi>n</mi> <mo>≥</mo> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mi>g</mi> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>h</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>n</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>. We prove that <Equation ID="Equ20"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\( \liminf _{n \rightarrow \infty } \frac{g(h,n)}{\frac{\log \log n \cdot \log \log \log \log n}{\log \log \log n}} \ge 1. \)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math display="block"> <mrow> <munder> <mo movablelimits="true">lim inf</mo> <mrow> <mi>n</mi> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> <mi>∞</mi> </mrow> </munder> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>g</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>h</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>n</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mfrac> <mrow> <mo>log</mo> <mo>log</mo> <mi>n</mi> <mo>·</mo> <mo>log</mo> <mo>log</mo> <mo>log</mo> <mo>log</mo> <mi>n</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mo>log</mo> <mo>log</mo> <mo>log</mo> <mi>n</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mfrac> <mo>≥</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo>.</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </Equation>We also estimate the growth of the number of solutions. We show that for any <InlineEquation ID="IEq12"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\varepsilon &gt; 0,\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>ε</mi> <mo>&gt;</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mo>,</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> we have <InlineEquation ID="IEq13"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\sum _{m \le n} |ELE(h,m)| &lt; n^{h+1+\varepsilon } \)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msub> <mo>∑</mo> <mrow> <mi>m</mi> <mo>≤</mo> <mi>n</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> <mi>E</mi> <mi>L</mi> <mi>E</mi> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>h</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>m</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> <mo>&lt;</mo> <msup> <mi>n</mi> <mrow> <mi>h</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo>+</mo> <mi>ε</mi> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> for sufficiently large <i>n</i>, and that <InlineEquation ID="IEq14"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(|ELE(h,n)| &gt; n^{1 - \varepsilon }\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> <mi>E</mi> <mi>L</mi> <mi>E</mi> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>h</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>n</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> <mo>&gt;</mo> </mrow> <msup> <mi>n</mi> <mrow> <mn>1</mn> <mo>-</mo> <mi>ε</mi> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> for infinitely many <i>n</i>.</p>

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Some notes on Erdős’ last equation

  • Csaba Sándor,
  • Maciej Zakarczemny

摘要

We study the Diophantine equation \(n^h(x_1 + \ldots + x_n) = x_1 x_2 \cdots x_n,\) n h ( x 1 + + x n ) = x 1 x 2 x n , where \(h \in \mathbb {Z}_{\ge 0}\) h Z 0 , and \(x_1 \le \ldots \le x_n \in \mathbb {Z}^+\) x 1 x n Z + . We define the solution set ELE(hn) consisting of all such integer tuples. We derive bounds on \(x_n\) x n and \(x_{n-1}\) x n - 1 in ELE(hn). We prove that \(x_1 \cdot \ldots \cdot x_n \le n^h(n^h + 1)(n^h + n - 1)\) x 1 · · x n n h ( n h + 1 ) ( n h + n - 1 ) . We also show that for \(h = 1\) h = 1 , \(x_{n-1} \le n + \max _{d \mid 2n^2 - 2n,\, d \le \sqrt{2n^2 - 2n}} d\) x n - 1 n + max d 2 n 2 - 2 n , d 2 n 2 - 2 n d , and for \(h \ge 2\) h 2 , the inequality \(x_{n-1} \le 2n^h\) x n - 1 2 n h holds in ELE(hn). Moreover, we study the minimal value g(hn) of the largest coordinate \(x_n\) x n , and define \(g(h) = \min _{n \ge 2} g(h,n)\) g ( h ) = min n 2 g ( h , n ) . We prove that \( \liminf _{n \rightarrow \infty } \frac{g(h,n)}{\frac{\log \log n \cdot \log \log \log \log n}{\log \log \log n}} \ge 1. \) lim inf n g ( h , n ) log log n · log log log log n log log log n 1 . We also estimate the growth of the number of solutions. We show that for any \(\varepsilon > 0,\) ε > 0 , we have \(\sum _{m \le n} |ELE(h,m)| < n^{h+1+\varepsilon } \) m n | E L E ( h , m ) | < n h + 1 + ε for sufficiently large n, and that \(|ELE(h,n)| > n^{1 - \varepsilon }\) | E L E ( h , n ) | > n 1 - ε for infinitely many n.