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<p>Additive manufacturing (AM) of antimicrobial materials containing metal nanoparticles has been widely explored for biomedical devices and applications. However, the form of metal released and the influence of AM design parameters on release kinetics and antimicrobial efficacy remain poorly understood. In this study, the thickness and spatial placement of polylactic acid (PLA) - silver nanoparticle (AgNP) composite layers were systematically varied in objects fabricated by material extrusion (MEX). Silver release behavior was analyzed, and antibacterial performance was evaluated against <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (<i>S. aureus</i>) and <i>Escherichia coli</i> (<i>E. coli</i>). Only silver ions (Ag<sup>+</sup>) were released from the composite with no measurable release of AgNPs detected over the 24&#xa0;h test period. The majority of ion release originated from the top ~ 100&#xa0;μm of the composite with underlying layers contributing to a slower sustained release behavior. No appreciable contribution was measured from layers below a thickness of ~ 200&#xa0;μm from the surface. The released Ag<sup>+</sup> produced greater growth inhibition of <i>S. aureus</i> compared to <i>E. coli</i>. These findings provide design-relevant insight for optimizing antimicrobial MEX-fabricated devices by localizing functional material near the surface to reduce material usage, cost, and potential toxicity.</p>

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Additive manufacturing of silver nanocomposites with spatially controlled active layers: influence on ion release and antimicrobial activity

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月13日

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  • Julianna Berger Harding,
  • Ed Osborn,
  • Yahminiy S. Mohan,
  • Phoebe Zito,
  • Wendy M. Schluchter,
  • Damon A. Smith

摘要

Additive manufacturing (AM) of antimicrobial materials containing metal nanoparticles has been widely explored for biomedical devices and applications. However, the form of metal released and the influence of AM design parameters on release kinetics and antimicrobial efficacy remain poorly understood. In this study, the thickness and spatial placement of polylactic acid (PLA) - silver nanoparticle (AgNP) composite layers were systematically varied in objects fabricated by material extrusion (MEX). Silver release behavior was analyzed, and antibacterial performance was evaluated against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Escherichia coli (E. coli). Only silver ions (Ag+) were released from the composite with no measurable release of AgNPs detected over the 24 h test period. The majority of ion release originated from the top ~ 100 μm of the composite with underlying layers contributing to a slower sustained release behavior. No appreciable contribution was measured from layers below a thickness of ~ 200 μm from the surface. The released Ag+ produced greater growth inhibition of S. aureus compared to E. coli. These findings provide design-relevant insight for optimizing antimicrobial MEX-fabricated devices by localizing functional material near the surface to reduce material usage, cost, and potential toxicity.