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<p>This study evaluates the effects of vibration direction, amplitude, and frequency on the geometry and microstructure of AZ61A magnesium alloy components fabricated via Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM). A customized vibration-assisted WAAM torch was used, enabling vibration amplitudes up to 4&#xa0;mm and frequencies up to 10&#xa0;Hz. A systematic one-factor-at-a-time approach was employed to select key parameters, and selected conditions were further characterized through surface profile measurements, optical and EBSD-based microstructural analysis, and Vickers microhardness testing. Results indicate that vibration has minimal influence on wall width and height, while higher frequencies (10&#xa0;Hz) reduce surface waviness and improve geometric uniformity. EBSD analysis shows measurable grain refinement and a reduction in microstructural anisotropy in vibrated samples, whereas hardness and electrical conductivity remain largely unchanged. These findings confirm that controlled low-frequency vibration can enhance surface quality and microstructural homogeneity in AZ61A WAAM components, supporting informed selection of processing parameters.</p>

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Influence of vibration parameters on geometry and microstructure of an AZ61A magnesium alloy during WAAM

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月17日

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  • Jaivindra Singh,
  • João Mourão,
  • Zhai Haowei,
  • Pere Barriobero-Vila,
  • Telmo G. Santos,
  • J. P. Oliveira

摘要

This study evaluates the effects of vibration direction, amplitude, and frequency on the geometry and microstructure of AZ61A magnesium alloy components fabricated via Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM). A customized vibration-assisted WAAM torch was used, enabling vibration amplitudes up to 4 mm and frequencies up to 10 Hz. A systematic one-factor-at-a-time approach was employed to select key parameters, and selected conditions were further characterized through surface profile measurements, optical and EBSD-based microstructural analysis, and Vickers microhardness testing. Results indicate that vibration has minimal influence on wall width and height, while higher frequencies (10 Hz) reduce surface waviness and improve geometric uniformity. EBSD analysis shows measurable grain refinement and a reduction in microstructural anisotropy in vibrated samples, whereas hardness and electrical conductivity remain largely unchanged. These findings confirm that controlled low-frequency vibration can enhance surface quality and microstructural homogeneity in AZ61A WAAM components, supporting informed selection of processing parameters.