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<p>Triply periodic minimal surfaces (TPMS) have emerged as promising approaches for bone scaffold design, enabling high surface area with complex interconnected geometries. The performance is governed by the lattice structure and material compositions. To date, studies combining hybrid morphology gradient (HMG) TPMS with polylactic acid/58S bioactive glass (PLA/BG) composites (simultaneously evaluating mechanical, biological, and fluidic behavior) remain limited. In present work, I-graph wrapped package and Neovius TPMS with uniform and HMG structures were designed (cell size 3.17&#xa0;mm, porosity 70%) and fabricated using PLA/BG composites (1, 3, and 5 wt% BG) by the stereolithography. Mechanical (compressive strength, energy absorption) and biological performance (bioactivity/cytocompatibility) were prioritized, followed by fluid flow simulations (permeability/wall shear stress (WSS)). Among all structures, the Ineosin (HMG, PLA/BG 3%) structure showed the best-balanced performance, combining compressive strength and biological responses with adequate (trade-off) permeability and favourable WSS. It exhibited the highest compressive strength (40&#xa0;MPa) and modern energy absorption (5–8.19 <InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\({\text{M}\text{J}/\text{m}}^{3}\)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation>). Additionally, HMG Ineosin PLA/BG 3% demonstrated rapid biomineralization (hydroxyapatite crystal appeared after day 1 and developed into flower-like aggregates by day 7) and 300% increased MG-63 cell proliferation (day 1–day 7). The improved biological response was attributed to moderate hydrophilicity (47° &lt; θ &lt; 70°) and surface free energy (81.67–124.27 mJ/m<sup>2</sup>). Furthermore, fluid flow analysis revealed that structural architecture influences permeability and WSS (74.6–192 mPa), with distribution variations (coefficient of variation 0.51–1.06, skewness 0.9–3.41). These findings suggest that HMG Ineosin PLA/BG 3% has potential use as bone scaffold in biomedical applications.</p>

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Development of polylactic acid/bioactive glass composite scaffolds based on I-graph wrapped package/neovius graded structures: mechanical, biological, and fluidic evaluations

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月2日

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  • Raj Kumar,
  • Murli Manohar,
  • Janakarajan Ramkumar,
  • Kantesh Balani

摘要

Triply periodic minimal surfaces (TPMS) have emerged as promising approaches for bone scaffold design, enabling high surface area with complex interconnected geometries. The performance is governed by the lattice structure and material compositions. To date, studies combining hybrid morphology gradient (HMG) TPMS with polylactic acid/58S bioactive glass (PLA/BG) composites (simultaneously evaluating mechanical, biological, and fluidic behavior) remain limited. In present work, I-graph wrapped package and Neovius TPMS with uniform and HMG structures were designed (cell size 3.17 mm, porosity 70%) and fabricated using PLA/BG composites (1, 3, and 5 wt% BG) by the stereolithography. Mechanical (compressive strength, energy absorption) and biological performance (bioactivity/cytocompatibility) were prioritized, followed by fluid flow simulations (permeability/wall shear stress (WSS)). Among all structures, the Ineosin (HMG, PLA/BG 3%) structure showed the best-balanced performance, combining compressive strength and biological responses with adequate (trade-off) permeability and favourable WSS. It exhibited the highest compressive strength (40 MPa) and modern energy absorption (5–8.19 \({\text{M}\text{J}/\text{m}}^{3}\) ). Additionally, HMG Ineosin PLA/BG 3% demonstrated rapid biomineralization (hydroxyapatite crystal appeared after day 1 and developed into flower-like aggregates by day 7) and 300% increased MG-63 cell proliferation (day 1–day 7). The improved biological response was attributed to moderate hydrophilicity (47° < θ < 70°) and surface free energy (81.67–124.27 mJ/m2). Furthermore, fluid flow analysis revealed that structural architecture influences permeability and WSS (74.6–192 mPa), with distribution variations (coefficient of variation 0.51–1.06, skewness 0.9–3.41). These findings suggest that HMG Ineosin PLA/BG 3% has potential use as bone scaffold in biomedical applications.