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<p>The growing demand for sustainable lightweight materials in the transportation sector has intensified the search for new hybrid structures. This study investigates the joining of short carbon fiber-reinforced polyamide 6 composite (PA6-15CF) to European beech wood using an innovative additive manufacturing technique based on fused filament fabrication (FFF), known as AddJoining. Single-lap hybrid joints were fabricated by directly printing the polymer composite onto the natural wood substrate, achieving an ultimate lap-shear strength (ULSS) of 7.5 ± 1.2&#xa0;MPa. Micromechanical interlocking and interfacial adhesion contributed to the robustness of the polymer-wood interface, as confirmed by microstructural analysis (OM and SEM) and FTIR spectroscopy, respectively. Fractographic analysis revealed a combination of adhesive and cohesive failure modes, with wood fibers embedded within the polymer matrix, indicating good interfacial compatibility. Furthermore, the joints exhibited remarkable mechanical durability under fatigue testing, achieving a fatigue life of 35% of the ultimate lap-shear force (ULSF) for 10<sup>6</sup> cycles, as estimated by the Weibull distribution with a reliability of 99%. The results demonstrate that AddJoining is a promising manufacturing strategy for producing lightweight, polymer-wood hybrid joints with potential application in sustainable structural design.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Direct-joining of short carbon fiber-reinforced polyamide 6 composite with wood by additive manufacturing

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月26日

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  • Gean Henrique Marcatto de Oliveira,
  • Awais Awan,
  • Peter Auer,
  • Pia-Maria Egger,
  • Leonardo Bresciani Canto,
  • Josef Domitner,
  • Sergio de Traglia Amancio-Filho

摘要

The growing demand for sustainable lightweight materials in the transportation sector has intensified the search for new hybrid structures. This study investigates the joining of short carbon fiber-reinforced polyamide 6 composite (PA6-15CF) to European beech wood using an innovative additive manufacturing technique based on fused filament fabrication (FFF), known as AddJoining. Single-lap hybrid joints were fabricated by directly printing the polymer composite onto the natural wood substrate, achieving an ultimate lap-shear strength (ULSS) of 7.5 ± 1.2 MPa. Micromechanical interlocking and interfacial adhesion contributed to the robustness of the polymer-wood interface, as confirmed by microstructural analysis (OM and SEM) and FTIR spectroscopy, respectively. Fractographic analysis revealed a combination of adhesive and cohesive failure modes, with wood fibers embedded within the polymer matrix, indicating good interfacial compatibility. Furthermore, the joints exhibited remarkable mechanical durability under fatigue testing, achieving a fatigue life of 35% of the ultimate lap-shear force (ULSF) for 106 cycles, as estimated by the Weibull distribution with a reliability of 99%. The results demonstrate that AddJoining is a promising manufacturing strategy for producing lightweight, polymer-wood hybrid joints with potential application in sustainable structural design.

Graphical abstract