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<p>This work investigates stainless steel 316&#xa0;L lattice structures for bone implant applications with the objective of matching cancellous bone elastic modulus and reducing stress shielding. Three unit cell configurations, body-centered (BCC), face-centered (FCC), and simple cubic (SC), were additively manufactured by powder-bed fusion of metals using a laser beam (PBF-LB/M). A nominal relative density of 20 percent was set for the designs and an overall lattice size of 20 × 20 × 20&#xa0;mm. Finite element models were developed to predict and compare the elastic modulus of the three topologies, and subsequently validated by uniaxial compression tests. At equal relative density, SC showed the highest elastic modulus in both simulation and experiment. Finite element moduli were 0.52&#xa0;GPa for BCC, 1.57&#xa0;GPa for FCC, and 2.11&#xa0;GPa for SC. The compressive Young’s moduli predicted by finite element analysis showed strong agreement with those obtained experimentally. The simple cubic (SC) topology demonstrated the highest elastic modulus, and its modulus could be linearly tuned via strut diameter. A strut diameter of 1.4&#xa0;mm achieved an elastic modulus of ~ 2.2&#xa0;GPa, approaching the 2.5&#xa0;GPa target for cancellous bone. Archimedes density and SEM analyses indicated higher consolidation for the SC topology, while parametric finite element results showed a linear increase in elastic modulus with strut diameter. The study delivers a new practical design methodology based on: (1) the use of SC at 20 percent relative density and (2) tuning of strut diameter near 1.4&#xa0;mm to meet implant elastic modulus requirements.</p>

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Elastic-modulus-matched SS316L lattice structures fabricated by PBF-LB/M for bone-implant applications

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月2日

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  • Sajjad Rajabi,
  • Alireza Khodabandeh,
  • Mohammad Khorasanigerdehkoohi,
  • Mohsen Khajehzadeh,
  • A. Jiménez,
  • Miguel Arizmendi

摘要

This work investigates stainless steel 316 L lattice structures for bone implant applications with the objective of matching cancellous bone elastic modulus and reducing stress shielding. Three unit cell configurations, body-centered (BCC), face-centered (FCC), and simple cubic (SC), were additively manufactured by powder-bed fusion of metals using a laser beam (PBF-LB/M). A nominal relative density of 20 percent was set for the designs and an overall lattice size of 20 × 20 × 20 mm. Finite element models were developed to predict and compare the elastic modulus of the three topologies, and subsequently validated by uniaxial compression tests. At equal relative density, SC showed the highest elastic modulus in both simulation and experiment. Finite element moduli were 0.52 GPa for BCC, 1.57 GPa for FCC, and 2.11 GPa for SC. The compressive Young’s moduli predicted by finite element analysis showed strong agreement with those obtained experimentally. The simple cubic (SC) topology demonstrated the highest elastic modulus, and its modulus could be linearly tuned via strut diameter. A strut diameter of 1.4 mm achieved an elastic modulus of ~ 2.2 GPa, approaching the 2.5 GPa target for cancellous bone. Archimedes density and SEM analyses indicated higher consolidation for the SC topology, while parametric finite element results showed a linear increase in elastic modulus with strut diameter. The study delivers a new practical design methodology based on: (1) the use of SC at 20 percent relative density and (2) tuning of strut diameter near 1.4 mm to meet implant elastic modulus requirements.