<p>In recent years, powder bed fusion—laser beam (PBF-LB) additive manufacturing technology has garnered significant attention in the field of lightweight aluminum alloy components. The addition of additional alloying elements for material modification has become an increasingly active research area within this technological domain. While substantial studies have focused on titanium or vanadium modification of aluminum alloys fabricated by PBF-LB, the specific role and mechanistic influence of vanadium within the Ti-modified AlSi10Mg system remain inadequately elucidated. To elucidate the aforementioned mechanisms, this study fabricated AlSi10Mg alloys via PBF-LB, adding titanium and vanadium elements using TA1 and TC4 powders. The optimal processing parameters were first determined through response surface methodology based on bending strength measurements. Employing these optimized parameters, samples with varying Ti and V contents were subsequently prepared to systematically investigate the influence of Ti and V additions on microstructural evolution and phase precipitation behavior in AlSi10Mg alloys, ultimately correlating these effects with the resulting mechanical properties. The results indicate that the addition of titanium elements promotes the formation of D0₂₂-(Al,Si)₃Ti phase, which primarily distributes along grain boundaries in the AlSi10Mg alloy. Furthermore, vanadium addition facilitates the solid solution of vanadium atoms into this phase, thereby increasing its precipitation temperature. This elevated precipitation temperature subsequently leads to a more homogeneous dispersion of the D0₂₂-(Al,Si)₃Ti phase within grain interiors, which effectively enhances grain refinement and ultimately improves the tensile mechanical properties.</p>