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<p><?tk 4?>3D printed PLA, a biodegradable and biocompatible polymer, was investigated into determining its expectedly better and long-term dynamic mechanical properties (DMPs) required in various applications such as biomedical, automobile, aerospace, reverse engineering, and packaging. Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) of 3D printed PLA was performed henceforth. In this research, Taguchi L9 design of experiments was employed to assess effect of fused filament fabrication (FFF) factors (extrusion temperature, layer height, and number (No.) of contours) on DMPs of 3D printed PLA at DMA testing temperatures’ range (40–55&#xa0;°C). Three DMPs were extensively studied namely storage modulus (SM), loss modulus (LM), and strain percentage (SP) owing to their considerable vitality. SM and LM were optimized and obtained maximally as 2482.62 MPa and 452.46 MPa respectively, and optimal SP found minimally as 0.02272. Validation experiments were performed for optimal factors’ levels towards each DMP. Interestingly, validation experiments explored 112% higher SM, 404% higher LM, and 38% lower SP, respectively, as compared to previous studies. 3D printed layers and filleted corners were also observed microscopically at various magnifications of coordinate measuring machine. Additionally, minimum porosity (32%) evaluated empirically, extended fillets at layers’ corners, and misalignments due to variations in layers’ straightness, were also revealed as possible causes of preventing DMPs from further enhancement. Irregular shapes of porous holes were found from scanning electron microscope with sizes 10 µm to 50 µm.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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An empirical study on characterizing the dynamic mechanical properties (DMPs) of additively manufactured polylactic acid (PLA)

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月16日

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  • Syed Farhan Raza,
  • Sarmad Ali Khan,
  • Sana Ehsan,
  • Arshad Hameed,
  • Ahmed Murtaza Mehdi

摘要

3D printed PLA, a biodegradable and biocompatible polymer, was investigated into determining its expectedly better and long-term dynamic mechanical properties (DMPs) required in various applications such as biomedical, automobile, aerospace, reverse engineering, and packaging. Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) of 3D printed PLA was performed henceforth. In this research, Taguchi L9 design of experiments was employed to assess effect of fused filament fabrication (FFF) factors (extrusion temperature, layer height, and number (No.) of contours) on DMPs of 3D printed PLA at DMA testing temperatures’ range (40–55 °C). Three DMPs were extensively studied namely storage modulus (SM), loss modulus (LM), and strain percentage (SP) owing to their considerable vitality. SM and LM were optimized and obtained maximally as 2482.62 MPa and 452.46 MPa respectively, and optimal SP found minimally as 0.02272. Validation experiments were performed for optimal factors’ levels towards each DMP. Interestingly, validation experiments explored 112% higher SM, 404% higher LM, and 38% lower SP, respectively, as compared to previous studies. 3D printed layers and filleted corners were also observed microscopically at various magnifications of coordinate measuring machine. Additionally, minimum porosity (32%) evaluated empirically, extended fillets at layers’ corners, and misalignments due to variations in layers’ straightness, were also revealed as possible causes of preventing DMPs from further enhancement. Irregular shapes of porous holes were found from scanning electron microscope with sizes 10 µm to 50 µm.

Graphical abstract