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<p>Additive manufacturing of polymeric materials via fused filament fabrication has become increasingly prevalent for producing custom components with tailored mechanical properties. Specifically, the viscoelastic behavior of commercial polylactic acid (PLA) filament under differing processing conditions and print orientations is an active field of research. This study aims (1) to quantify the influence of filament processing state and print speed on the stress-relaxation behavior of PLA specimens, and (2) to evaluate the effect of build orientation—inter-layer versus intra-layer directions—relative to print speed. Regular specimens were fabricated using material-extrusion printing from commercial PLA filament. Long-term stress-relaxation tests were conducted, and the resulting stress decay curves were modeled using a six-parameter Prony series (from which storage and loss moduli can be obtained). Two independent factorial designs of experiments were implemented: the first assessed filament processing state (virgin, aged, reprocessed) and print speed (three levels), while the second examined three print orientations, with three print-speed levels. Statistical analysis revealed that print orientation significantly affected five of the six Prony-series parameters (<InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(p&lt;\)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation> 0.006). Likewise, print speed exhibited a significant influence on five parameters. Storage and loss moduli can be derived from the Prony fits across the examined levels, underscoring the strong sensitivity of viscoelastic response to processing conditions. The viscoelastic properties of PLA components manufactured by FFF are highly dependent on both filament history and build parameters. These findings highlight the necessity of rigorous control of processing variables to ensure reliable mechanical performance in polymer-based additive manufacturing.</p>

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Analysis of the viscoelastic properties of 3D-printed PLA/PHB

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月14日

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  • Walter Crupano,
  • Bàrbara Adrover-Monserrat,
  • Jordi Llumà,
  • David Sánchez-Molina,
  • Ramón Jerez-Mesa,
  • J. Antonio Travieso-Rodriguez

摘要

Additive manufacturing of polymeric materials via fused filament fabrication has become increasingly prevalent for producing custom components with tailored mechanical properties. Specifically, the viscoelastic behavior of commercial polylactic acid (PLA) filament under differing processing conditions and print orientations is an active field of research. This study aims (1) to quantify the influence of filament processing state and print speed on the stress-relaxation behavior of PLA specimens, and (2) to evaluate the effect of build orientation—inter-layer versus intra-layer directions—relative to print speed. Regular specimens were fabricated using material-extrusion printing from commercial PLA filament. Long-term stress-relaxation tests were conducted, and the resulting stress decay curves were modeled using a six-parameter Prony series (from which storage and loss moduli can be obtained). Two independent factorial designs of experiments were implemented: the first assessed filament processing state (virgin, aged, reprocessed) and print speed (three levels), while the second examined three print orientations, with three print-speed levels. Statistical analysis revealed that print orientation significantly affected five of the six Prony-series parameters ( \(p<\) 0.006). Likewise, print speed exhibited a significant influence on five parameters. Storage and loss moduli can be derived from the Prony fits across the examined levels, underscoring the strong sensitivity of viscoelastic response to processing conditions. The viscoelastic properties of PLA components manufactured by FFF are highly dependent on both filament history and build parameters. These findings highlight the necessity of rigorous control of processing variables to ensure reliable mechanical performance in polymer-based additive manufacturing.