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<p>Additive manufacturing, a cornerstone of Industry 4.0 has attracted significant interest for its ability to produce complex&#xa0;and customised components with high precision and reduced material wastage. One promising strategy to improve the performance and sustainability of 3D-printed materials is the incorporation of functional fillers, such as graphene owing to its outstanding mechanical and tribological properties. This study investigates the effect of ultra-low graphene loading (0.02–0.1 wt. %) on the friction and wear behaviour of polymer composites fabricated via digital light processing (DLP), a technique rarely explored for tribological enhancement. Furthermore, we systematically examined for the first time, the synergistic effect of post-print thermal treatment on these composites under dry-sliding conditions. The results indicated a significant reduction in the coefficient of friction (COF) with decreases of 28.8% and 35.4% for composites containing 0.02 wt. % and 0.05 wt. % graphene respectively compared to the neat polymer. Thermal treatment provided an additional 18.2% reduction in COF for the 0.1 wt. % graphene composite. The wear rate was also reduced by 17.3% for the 0.02 wt. % composite after treatment. These findings demonstrate a resource-efficient and scalable strategy for enhancing the durability of DLP-fabricated components, thereby supporting advances in sustainable manufacturing.</p>

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Tribological behaviour of 3D printed graphene based polymer nanocomposites: an experimental investigation

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年9月22日

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  • Kalaimani Markandan,
  • Kevin Kumar,
  • Elango Natarajan,
  • Chun Kit Ang,
  • Santheraleka Ramanathan,
  • Mohammad Khalid

摘要

Additive manufacturing, a cornerstone of Industry 4.0 has attracted significant interest for its ability to produce complex and customised components with high precision and reduced material wastage. One promising strategy to improve the performance and sustainability of 3D-printed materials is the incorporation of functional fillers, such as graphene owing to its outstanding mechanical and tribological properties. This study investigates the effect of ultra-low graphene loading (0.02–0.1 wt. %) on the friction and wear behaviour of polymer composites fabricated via digital light processing (DLP), a technique rarely explored for tribological enhancement. Furthermore, we systematically examined for the first time, the synergistic effect of post-print thermal treatment on these composites under dry-sliding conditions. The results indicated a significant reduction in the coefficient of friction (COF) with decreases of 28.8% and 35.4% for composites containing 0.02 wt. % and 0.05 wt. % graphene respectively compared to the neat polymer. Thermal treatment provided an additional 18.2% reduction in COF for the 0.1 wt. % graphene composite. The wear rate was also reduced by 17.3% for the 0.02 wt. % composite after treatment. These findings demonstrate a resource-efficient and scalable strategy for enhancing the durability of DLP-fabricated components, thereby supporting advances in sustainable manufacturing.