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<p>Developing new composite materials for the 3D printing of Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) is essential for the improvement of print quality and for the expansion of the range of printed objects. However, current research has not sufficiently addressed inappropriate viscosity levels, insufficient shear-thinning behavior, and high sensitivity to temperature changes. This study addressed these challenges by investigating the rheological properties of polylactic acid (PLA) composites reinforced with 10 wt% of wollastonite (WA) and varying polyamide 12 (PA12) contents from 20 to 40 wt%. Comprehensive rheological analysis was conducted at different temperatures (180, 190, and 200&#xa0;°C) and loads (20, 30, 40, and 50 N) to identify the optimal composite formulation that exhibited desirable rheological characteristics for FFF 3D printing. Two main rheological properties were tested: flow behavior index (<i>n</i>) and flow activation energy (<i>Ea</i>). The results showed that 60PLA/40PA12/10WA composite formulation stands out due to its low viscosity, pronounced shear-thinning behavior (<i>n</i> values between 0.39 and 0.55), and minimal sensitivity to temperature changes (<i>Ea</i> value of 12.36&#xa0;kJ/mol). Additionally, the tensile test of 60PLA/40PA12/10WA pre-extruded composite string resulted in a nearly 15-fold enhancement in strength compared to the PLA/WA composite, with a tensile strength of 28.6&#xa0;MPa, Young’s Modulus of 1.22 GPa, and strain of 21.9%. These properties would ensure smooth flow through the nozzle, stable material deposition and improved shape retention, ultimately leading to high-quality and stronger printed parts.</p>

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Influence of differential PA12 content on the rheological behavior of PLA/Wollastonite composite for 3D printing applications

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年9月2日

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  • Nur Munirah Mustaza,
  • Farrahshaida Mohd Salleh,
  • Mohd Ikram Ramli,
  • Abdul Manaf Abdullah,
  • Muhammad Hussain Ismail

摘要

Developing new composite materials for the 3D printing of Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) is essential for the improvement of print quality and for the expansion of the range of printed objects. However, current research has not sufficiently addressed inappropriate viscosity levels, insufficient shear-thinning behavior, and high sensitivity to temperature changes. This study addressed these challenges by investigating the rheological properties of polylactic acid (PLA) composites reinforced with 10 wt% of wollastonite (WA) and varying polyamide 12 (PA12) contents from 20 to 40 wt%. Comprehensive rheological analysis was conducted at different temperatures (180, 190, and 200 °C) and loads (20, 30, 40, and 50 N) to identify the optimal composite formulation that exhibited desirable rheological characteristics for FFF 3D printing. Two main rheological properties were tested: flow behavior index (n) and flow activation energy (Ea). The results showed that 60PLA/40PA12/10WA composite formulation stands out due to its low viscosity, pronounced shear-thinning behavior (n values between 0.39 and 0.55), and minimal sensitivity to temperature changes (Ea value of 12.36 kJ/mol). Additionally, the tensile test of 60PLA/40PA12/10WA pre-extruded composite string resulted in a nearly 15-fold enhancement in strength compared to the PLA/WA composite, with a tensile strength of 28.6 MPa, Young’s Modulus of 1.22 GPa, and strain of 21.9%. These properties would ensure smooth flow through the nozzle, stable material deposition and improved shape retention, ultimately leading to high-quality and stronger printed parts.