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<p>Direct metal laser sintering (DMLS) and electron beam melting (EBM) are promising additive manufacturing technologies for producing titanium structures for prosthetic restorations. However, bonding porcelain to titanium frameworks remains challenging because of a passivating TiO<sub>2</sub> layer formed when exposed to oxygen and during porcelain firing. To address this limitation, chemically inert alternatives, such as Ti-6Al-4V alloys modified with platinum (Pt) or titanium/platinum (Ti/Pt) films, may mitigate this problem, although they have not yet been evaluated. This study aimed to investigate&#xa0;the surface properties of Ti-6Al-4V specimens produced by milling, DMLS, and EBM, combined with three surface treatments: aluminium oxide blasting (control), Pt deposition, and Ti/Pt deposition. Ti-6Al-4V specimens were fabricated as discs and bars using the three manufacturing methods. All specimens underwent aluminium oxide blasting, with subsets receiving additional surface modifications (Pt or Ti/Pt) or remaining untreated (control). Aluminium oxide blasting was applied as control, since it is the standard chairside protocol. Surface properties were assessed on discs using average profile roughness, wettability, confocal laser scanning microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and SEM coupled with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) to analyze surface composition and morphology. Bar specimens were subsequently ceramic veneered, and titanium-porcelain bond strength was measured via a three-point bend test. Statistical analyses included two-way ANOVA and post hoc Tukey tests (α = 0.05). XPS and EDS analyses confirmed successful deposition of the surface elements. Surface roughness values were similar across all groups (<i>P</i> &gt; 0.05; range: 0.8–1.2&#xa0;µm). DMLS specimens with Pt showed superior wettability (water contact angle: 54.9 ± 10.8°) and the highest titanium-porcelain bond strength (50.4 ± 11.2&#xa0;MPa). Additionally, DMLS Pt demonstrated significantly higher titanium-porcelain bond strength compared to milling Pt (17.9 ± 2.1&#xa0;MPa), EBM Pt (34.1 ± 17.9&#xa0;MPa), DMLS control (35.1 ± 5.5&#xa0;MPa), and DMLS Ti/Pt (35.5 ± 5.3&#xa0;MPa) (<i>P</i> &lt; 0.01). Additive manufacturing methods, particularly DMLS with a Pt interlayer, significantly enhanced the porcelain bond strength. These results support the feasibility of employing Pt films on Ti-6Al-4V substrates fabricated by additive manufacturing to achieve improved clinical outcomes. Although the oxide layer formed during porcelain firing may have been reduced, further validation is required regarding the integration of complex dental frameworks with Pt film deposition.</p>

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Unfolding the applicability of 3D-printed Ti-6Al-4V alloy and platinum-based film deposition for dental prostheses applications

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年6月18日

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  • Daniele Valente Velôso,
  • Thaís Barbin,
  • Richard Landers,
  • André Luiz Jardini,
  • Marcelo Ferraz Mesquita,
  • Guilherme Almeida Borges

摘要

Direct metal laser sintering (DMLS) and electron beam melting (EBM) are promising additive manufacturing technologies for producing titanium structures for prosthetic restorations. However, bonding porcelain to titanium frameworks remains challenging because of a passivating TiO2 layer formed when exposed to oxygen and during porcelain firing. To address this limitation, chemically inert alternatives, such as Ti-6Al-4V alloys modified with platinum (Pt) or titanium/platinum (Ti/Pt) films, may mitigate this problem, although they have not yet been evaluated. This study aimed to investigate the surface properties of Ti-6Al-4V specimens produced by milling, DMLS, and EBM, combined with three surface treatments: aluminium oxide blasting (control), Pt deposition, and Ti/Pt deposition. Ti-6Al-4V specimens were fabricated as discs and bars using the three manufacturing methods. All specimens underwent aluminium oxide blasting, with subsets receiving additional surface modifications (Pt or Ti/Pt) or remaining untreated (control). Aluminium oxide blasting was applied as control, since it is the standard chairside protocol. Surface properties were assessed on discs using average profile roughness, wettability, confocal laser scanning microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and SEM coupled with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) to analyze surface composition and morphology. Bar specimens were subsequently ceramic veneered, and titanium-porcelain bond strength was measured via a three-point bend test. Statistical analyses included two-way ANOVA and post hoc Tukey tests (α = 0.05). XPS and EDS analyses confirmed successful deposition of the surface elements. Surface roughness values were similar across all groups (P > 0.05; range: 0.8–1.2 µm). DMLS specimens with Pt showed superior wettability (water contact angle: 54.9 ± 10.8°) and the highest titanium-porcelain bond strength (50.4 ± 11.2 MPa). Additionally, DMLS Pt demonstrated significantly higher titanium-porcelain bond strength compared to milling Pt (17.9 ± 2.1 MPa), EBM Pt (34.1 ± 17.9 MPa), DMLS control (35.1 ± 5.5 MPa), and DMLS Ti/Pt (35.5 ± 5.3 MPa) (P < 0.01). Additive manufacturing methods, particularly DMLS with a Pt interlayer, significantly enhanced the porcelain bond strength. These results support the feasibility of employing Pt films on Ti-6Al-4V substrates fabricated by additive manufacturing to achieve improved clinical outcomes. Although the oxide layer formed during porcelain firing may have been reduced, further validation is required regarding the integration of complex dental frameworks with Pt film deposition.